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Nobel laureates

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{"laureates":[{"id":"1","firstname":"Wilhelm Conrad","surname":"R\u00f6ntgen","born":"1845-03-27","died":"1923-02-10","bornCountry":"Prussia (now Germany)","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Lennep (now Remscheid)","diedCountry":"Germany","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Munich","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1901","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Munich University","city":"Munich","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"2","firstname":"Hendrik A.","surname":"Lorentz","born":"1853-07-18","died":"1928-02-04","bornCountry":"the Netherlands","bornCountryCode":"NL","bornCity":"Arnhem","diedCountry":"the Netherlands","diedCountryCode":"NL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1902","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Leiden University","city":"Leiden","country":"the Netherlands"}]}]},{"id":"3","firstname":"Pieter","surname":"Zeeman","born":"1865-05-25","died":"1943-10-09","bornCountry":"the Netherlands","bornCountryCode":"NL","bornCity":"Zonnemaire","diedCountry":"the Netherlands","diedCountryCode":"NL","diedCity":"Amsterdam","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1902","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Amsterdam University","city":"Amsterdam","country":"the Netherlands"}]}]},{"id":"4","firstname":"Henri","surname":"Becquerel","born":"1852-12-15","died":"1908-08-25","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Paris","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1903","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity\"","affiliations":[{"name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique","city":"Paris","country":"France"}]}]},{"id":"5","firstname":"Pierre","surname":"Curie","born":"1859-05-15","died":"1906-04-19","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Paris","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Paris","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1903","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel\"","affiliations":[{"name":"\u00c9cole municipale de physique et de chimie industrielles (Municipal School of Industrial Physics and Chemistry)","city":"Paris","country":"France"}]}]},{"id":"6","firstname":"Marie","surname":"Curie","born":"1867-11-07","died":"1934-07-04","bornCountry":"Russian Empire (now Poland)","bornCountryCode":"PL","bornCity":"Warsaw","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Sallanches","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"1903","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel\"","affiliations":[[]]},{"year":"1911","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Sorbonne University","city":"Paris","country":"France"}]}]},{"id":"8","firstname":"Lord","surname":"Rayleigh","born":"1842-11-12","died":"1919-06-30","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Langford Grove, Maldon, Essex","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1904","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Royal Institution of Great Britain","city":"London","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"9","firstname":"Philipp","surname":"Lenard","born":"1862-06-07","died":"1947-05-20","bornCountry":"Hungary (now Slovakia)","bornCountryCode":"SK","bornCity":"Pressburg (now Bratislava)","diedCountry":"Germany","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Messelhausen","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1905","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his work on cathode rays\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Kiel University","city":"Kiel","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"10","firstname":"J.J.","surname":"Thomson","born":"1856-12-18","died":"1940-08-30","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Cheetham Hill","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Cambridge","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1906","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Cambridge","city":"Cambridge","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"11","firstname":"Albert A.","surname":"Michelson","born":"1852-12-19","died":"1931-05-09","bornCountry":"Prussia (now Poland)","bornCountryCode":"PL","bornCity":"Strelno (now Strzelno)","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Pasadena, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1907","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Chicago","city":"Chicago, IL","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"12","firstname":"Gabriel","surname":"Lippmann","born":"1845-08-16","died":"1921-07-13","bornCountry":"Luxembourg","bornCountryCode":"LU","bornCity":"Hollerich","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1908","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Sorbonne University","city":"Paris","country":"France"}]}]},{"id":"13","firstname":"Guglielmo","surname":"Marconi","born":"1874-04-25","died":"1937-07-20","bornCountry":"Italy","bornCountryCode":"IT","bornCity":"Bologna","diedCountry":"Italy","diedCountryCode":"IT","diedCity":"Rome","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1909","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co. Ltd.","city":"London","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"14","firstname":"Ferdinand","surname":"Braun","born":"1850-06-06","died":"1918-04-20","bornCountry":"Hesse-Kassel (now Germany)","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Fulda","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Brooklyn, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1909","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Strasbourg University","city":"Strasbourg","country":"Germany (now France)"}]}]},{"id":"15","firstname":"Johannes Diderik","surname":"van der Waals","born":"1837-11-23","died":"1923-03-08","bornCountry":"the Netherlands","bornCountryCode":"NL","bornCity":"Leiden","diedCountry":"the Netherlands","diedCountryCode":"NL","diedCity":"Amsterdam","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1910","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Amsterdam University","city":"Amsterdam","country":"the Netherlands"}]}]},{"id":"16","firstname":"Wilhelm","surname":"Wien","born":"1864-01-13","died":"1928-08-30","bornCountry":"Prussia (now Russia)","bornCountryCode":"RU","bornCity":"Gaffken (now Parusnoye)","diedCountry":"Germany","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Munich","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1911","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat\"","affiliations":[{"name":"W\u00fcrzburg University","city":"W\u00fcrzburg","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"17","firstname":"Gustaf","surname":"Dal\u00e9n","born":"1869-11-30","died":"1937-12-09","bornCountry":"Sweden","bornCountryCode":"SE","bornCity":"Stenstorp","diedCountry":"Sweden","diedCountryCode":"SE","diedCity":"Stockholm","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1912","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Swedish Gas-Accumulator Co.","city":"Liding\u00f6, Stockholm","country":"Sweden"}]}]},{"id":"18","firstname":"Heike","surname":"Kamerlingh Onnes","born":"1853-09-21","died":"1926-02-21","bornCountry":"the Netherlands","bornCountryCode":"NL","bornCity":"Groningen","diedCountry":"the Netherlands","diedCountryCode":"NL","diedCity":"Leiden","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1913","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Leiden University","city":"Leiden","country":"the Netherlands"}]}]},{"id":"19","firstname":"Max","surname":"von Laue","born":"1879-10-09","died":"1960-04-23","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Pfaffendorf","diedCountry":"West Germany (now Germany)","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Berlin","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1914","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Frankfurt-on-the-Main University","city":"Frankfurt-on-the-Main","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"20","firstname":"William","surname":"Bragg","born":"1862-07-02","died":"1942-03-12","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Wigton","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"London","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1915","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University College","city":"London","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"21","firstname":"Lawrence","surname":"Bragg","born":"1890-03-31","died":"1971-07-01","bornCountry":"Australia","bornCountryCode":"AU","bornCity":"Adelaide","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Ipswich","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1915","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Victoria University","city":"Manchester","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"22","firstname":"Charles Glover","surname":"Barkla","born":"1877-06-07","died":"1944-10-23","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Widnes","diedCountry":"Scotland","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Edinburgh","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1917","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his discovery of the characteristic R&ouml;ntgen radiation of the elements\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Edinburgh University","city":"Edinburgh","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"23","firstname":"Max","surname":"Planck","born":"1858-04-23","died":"1947-10-04","bornCountry":"Schleswig (now Germany)","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Kiel","diedCountry":"West Germany (now Germany)","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"G\u00f6ttingen","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1918","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Berlin University","city":"Berlin","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"24","firstname":"Johannes","surname":"Stark","born":"1874-04-15","died":"1957-06-21","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Schickenhof","diedCountry":"West Germany (now Germany)","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Traunstein","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1919","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Greifswald University","city":"Greifswald","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"25","firstname":"Charles Edouard","surname":"Guillaume","born":"1861-02-15","died":"1938-06-13","bornCountry":"Switzerland","bornCountryCode":"CH","bornCity":"Fleurier","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"S\u00e8vres","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1920","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures)","city":"S\u00e8vres","country":"France"}]}]},{"id":"26","firstname":"Albert","surname":"Einstein","born":"1879-03-14","died":"1955-04-18","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Ulm","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Princeton, NJ","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1921","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut) f\u00fcr Physik","city":"Berlin","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"27","firstname":"Niels","surname":"Bohr","born":"1885-10-07","died":"1962-11-18","bornCountry":"Denmark","bornCountryCode":"DK","bornCity":"Copenhagen","diedCountry":"Denmark","diedCountryCode":"DK","diedCity":"Copenhagen","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1922","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Copenhagen University","city":"Copenhagen","country":"Denmark"}]}]},{"id":"28","firstname":"Robert A.","surname":"Millikan","born":"1868-03-22","died":"1953-12-19","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Morrison, IL","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"San Marino, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1923","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect\"","affiliations":[{"name":"California Institute of Technology (Caltech)","city":"Pasadena, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"29","firstname":"Manne","surname":"Siegbahn","born":"1886-12-03","died":"1978-09-26","bornCountry":"Sweden","bornCountryCode":"SE","bornCity":"\u00d6rebro","diedCountry":"Sweden","diedCountryCode":"SE","diedCity":"Stockholm","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1924","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Uppsala University","city":"Uppsala","country":"Sweden"}]}]},{"id":"30","firstname":"James","surname":"Franck","born":"1882-08-26","died":"1964-05-21","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Hamburg","diedCountry":"West Germany (now Germany)","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"G\u00f6ttingen","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1925","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Goettingen University","city":"G\u00f6ttingen","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"31","firstname":"Gustav","surname":"Hertz","born":"1887-07-22","died":"1975-10-30","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Hamburg","diedCountry":"East Germany (now Germany)","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Berlin","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1925","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Halle University","city":"Halle","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"32","firstname":"Jean Baptiste","surname":"Perrin","born":"1870-09-30","died":"1942-04-17","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Lille","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1926","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Sorbonne University","city":"Paris","country":"France"}]}]},{"id":"33","firstname":"Arthur H.","surname":"Compton","born":"1892-09-10","died":"1962-03-15","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Wooster, OH","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Berkeley, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1927","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his discovery of the effect named after him\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Chicago","city":"Chicago, IL","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"34","firstname":"C.T.R.","surname":"Wilson","born":"1869-02-14","died":"1959-11-15","bornCountry":"Scotland","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Glencorse","diedCountry":"Scotland","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Carlops","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1927","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Cambridge","city":"Cambridge","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"35","firstname":"Owen Willans","surname":"Richardson","born":"1879-04-26","died":"1959-02-15","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Dewsbury","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Alton","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1928","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him\"","affiliations":[{"name":"London University","city":"London","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"36","firstname":"Louis","surname":"de Broglie","born":"1892-08-15","died":"1987-03-19","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Dieppe","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Paris","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1929","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Sorbonne University, Institut Henri Poincar\u00e9","city":"Paris","country":"France"}]}]},{"id":"37","firstname":"Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata","surname":"Raman","born":"1888-11-07","died":"1970-11-21","bornCountry":"India","bornCountryCode":"IN","bornCity":"Tiruchirappalli","diedCountry":"India","diedCountryCode":"IN","diedCity":"Bangalore","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1930","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Calcutta University","city":"Calcutta","country":"India"}]}]},{"id":"38","firstname":"Werner","surname":"Heisenberg","born":"1901-12-05","died":"1976-02-01","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"W\u00fcrzburg","diedCountry":"West Germany (now Germany)","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Munich","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1932","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Leipzig University","city":"Leipzig","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"39","firstname":"Erwin","surname":"Schr\u00f6dinger","born":"1887-08-12","died":"1961-01-04","bornCountry":"Austria","bornCountryCode":"AT","bornCity":"Vienna","diedCountry":"Austria","diedCountryCode":"AT","diedCity":"Vienna","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1933","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Berlin University","city":"Berlin","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"40","firstname":"Paul A.M.","surname":"Dirac","born":"1902-08-08","died":"1984-10-20","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Bristol","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Tallahassee, FL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1933","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Cambridge","city":"Cambridge","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"41","firstname":"James","surname":"Chadwick","born":"1891-10-20","died":"1974-07-24","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Manchester","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Cambridge","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1935","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the discovery of the neutron\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Liverpool University","city":"Liverpool","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"42","firstname":"Victor F.","surname":"Hess","born":"1883-06-24","died":"1964-12-17","bornCountry":"Austria","bornCountryCode":"AT","bornCity":"Peggau","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Mount Vernon, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1936","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his discovery of cosmic radiation\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Innsbruck University","city":"Innsbruck","country":"Austria"}]}]},{"id":"43","firstname":"Carl D.","surname":"Anderson","born":"1905-09-03","died":"1991-01-11","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"San Marino, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1936","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his discovery of the positron\"","affiliations":[{"name":"California Institute of Technology (Caltech)","city":"Pasadena, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"44","firstname":"Clinton","surname":"Davisson","born":"1881-10-22","died":"1958-02-01","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Bloomington, IL","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Charlottesville, VA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1937","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Bell Telephone Laboratories","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"45","firstname":"George Paget","surname":"Thomson","born":"1892-05-03","died":"1975-09-10","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Cambridge","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Cambridge","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1937","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals\"","affiliations":[{"name":"London University","city":"London","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"46","firstname":"Enrico","surname":"Fermi","born":"1901-09-29","died":"1954-11-28","bornCountry":"Italy","bornCountryCode":"IT","bornCity":"Rome","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Chicago, IL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1938","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Rome University","city":"Rome","country":"Italy"}]}]},{"id":"47","firstname":"Ernest","surname":"Lawrence","born":"1901-08-08","died":"1958-08-27","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Canton, SD","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Palo Alto, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1939","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Berkeley, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"48","firstname":"Otto","surname":"Stern","born":"1888-02-17","died":"1969-08-17","bornCountry":"Germany (now Poland)","bornCountryCode":"PL","bornCity":"Sorau (now Zory)","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Berkeley, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1943","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Carnegie Institute of Technology","city":"Pittsburgh, PA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"49","firstname":"Isidor Isaac","surname":"Rabi","born":"1898-07-29","died":"1988-01-11","bornCountry":"Austria-Hungary (now Poland)","bornCountryCode":"PL","bornCity":"Rymanow","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1944","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Columbia University","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"50","firstname":"Wolfgang","surname":"Pauli","born":"1900-04-25","died":"1958-12-15","bornCountry":"Austria","bornCountryCode":"AT","bornCity":"Vienna","diedCountry":"Switzerland","diedCountryCode":"CH","diedCity":"Zurich","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1945","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Princeton University","city":"Princeton, NJ","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"51","firstname":"Percy W.","surname":"Bridgman","born":"1882-04-21","died":"1961-08-20","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Cambridge, MA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Randolph, NH","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1946","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Harvard University","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"52","firstname":"Edward V.","surname":"Appleton","born":"1892-09-06","died":"1965-04-21","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Bradford","diedCountry":"Scotland","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Edinburgh","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1947","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Department of Scientific and Industrial Research","city":"London","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"53","firstname":"Patrick M.S.","surname":"Blackett","born":"1897-11-18","died":"1974-07-13","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"London","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"London","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1948","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Victoria University","city":"Manchester","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"54","firstname":"Hideki","surname":"Yukawa","born":"1907-01-23","died":"1981-09-08","bornCountry":"Japan","bornCountryCode":"JP","bornCity":"Tokyo","diedCountry":"Japan","diedCountryCode":"JP","diedCity":"Kyoto","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1949","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Columbia University","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"},{"name":"Kyoto University","city":"Kyoto","country":"Japan"}]}]},{"id":"55","firstname":"Cecil","surname":"Powell","born":"1903-12-05","died":"1969-08-09","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Tonbridge","diedCountry":"Italy","diedCountryCode":"IT","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1950","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Bristol University","city":"Bristol","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"56","firstname":"John","surname":"Cockcroft","born":"1897-05-27","died":"1967-09-18","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Todmorden","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Cambridge","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1951","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Atomic Energy Research Establishment","city":"Harwell, Berkshire","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"57","firstname":"Ernest T.S.","surname":"Walton","born":"1903-10-06","died":"1995-06-25","bornCountry":"Ireland","bornCountryCode":"IE","bornCity":"Dungarvan","diedCountry":"Northern Ireland","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Belfast","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1951","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Trinity College","city":"Dublin","country":"Ireland"}]}]},{"id":"58","firstname":"Felix","surname":"Bloch","born":"1905-10-23","died":"1983-09-10","bornCountry":"Switzerland","bornCountryCode":"CH","bornCity":"Zurich","diedCountry":"Switzerland","diedCountryCode":"CH","diedCity":"Zurich","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1952","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Stanford University","city":"Stanford, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"59","firstname":"E. M.","surname":"Purcell","born":"1912-08-30","died":"1997-03-07","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Taylorville, IL","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Cambridge, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1952","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Harvard University","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"60","firstname":"Frits","surname":"Zernike","born":"1888-07-16","died":"1966-03-10","bornCountry":"the Netherlands","bornCountryCode":"NL","bornCity":"Amsterdam","diedCountry":"the Netherlands","diedCountryCode":"NL","diedCity":"Groningen","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1953","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Groningen University","city":"Groningen","country":"the Netherlands"}]}]},{"id":"61","firstname":"Max","surname":"Born","born":"1882-12-11","died":"1970-01-05","bornCountry":"Germany (now Poland)","bornCountryCode":"PL","bornCity":"Breslau (now Wroclaw)","diedCountry":"West Germany (now Germany)","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"G\u00f6ttingen","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1954","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Edinburgh University","city":"Edinburgh","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"62","firstname":"Walther","surname":"Bothe","born":"1891-01-08","died":"1957-02-08","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Oranienburg","diedCountry":"West Germany (now Germany)","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Heidelberg","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1954","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Heidelberg","city":"Heidelberg","country":"Germany"},{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr medizinische Forschung","city":"Heidelberg","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"63","firstname":"Willis E.","surname":"Lamb","born":"1913-07-12","died":"2008-05-15","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Los Angeles, CA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Tucson, AZ","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1955","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Stanford University","city":"Stanford, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"64","firstname":"Polykarp","surname":"Kusch","born":"1911-01-26","died":"1993-03-20","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Blankenburg","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Dallas, TX","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1955","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Columbia University","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"65","firstname":"William B.","surname":"Shockley","born":"1910-02-13","died":"1989-08-12","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"London","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Palo Alto, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1956","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Semiconductor Laboratory of Beckman Instruments, Inc.","city":"Mountain View, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"66","firstname":"John","surname":"Bardeen","born":"1908-05-23","died":"1991-01-30","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Madison, WI","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Boston, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1956","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Illinois","city":"Urbana, IL","country":"USA"}]},{"year":"1972","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Illinois","city":"Urbana, IL","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"67","firstname":"Walter H.","surname":"Brattain","born":"1902-02-10","died":"1987-10-13","bornCountry":"China","bornCountryCode":"CN","bornCity":"Amoy","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Seattle, WA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1956","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Bell Telephone Laboratories","city":"Murray Hill, NJ","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"68","firstname":"Chen Ning","surname":"Yang","born":"1922-09-22","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"China","bornCountryCode":"CN","bornCity":"Hofei, Anhwei","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1957","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Institute for Advanced Study","city":"Princeton, NJ","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"69","firstname":"Tsung-Dao","surname":"Lee","born":"1926-11-24","died":"2024-08-04","bornCountry":"China","bornCountryCode":"CN","bornCity":"Shanghai","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"San Francisco, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1957","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Columbia University","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"70","firstname":"Pavel A.","surname":"Cherenkov","born":"1904-07-28","died":"1990-01-06","bornCountry":"Russia","bornCountryCode":"RU","bornCity":"Novaya Chigla","diedCountry":"USSR (now Russia)","diedCountryCode":"RU","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1958","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect\"","affiliations":[{"name":"P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute","city":"Moscow","country":"USSR (now Russia)"}]}]},{"id":"71","firstname":"Igor Y.","surname":"Tamm","born":"1895-07-08","died":"1971-04-12","bornCountry":"Russia","bornCountryCode":"RU","bornCity":"Vladivostok","diedCountry":"USSR (now Russia)","diedCountryCode":"RU","diedCity":"Moscow","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1958","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Lomonosov Moscow State University","city":"Moscow","country":"USSR (now Russia)"},{"name":"P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute","city":"Moscow","country":"USSR (now Russia)"}]}]},{"id":"72","firstname":"Emilio","surname":"Segr\u00e8","born":"1905-02-01","died":"1989-04-22","bornCountry":"Italy","bornCountryCode":"IT","bornCity":"Tivoli","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Lafayette, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1959","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discovery of the antiproton\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Berkeley, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"73","firstname":"Owen","surname":"Chamberlain","born":"1920-07-10","died":"2006-02-28","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"San Francisco, CA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Berkeley, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1959","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discovery of the antiproton\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Berkeley, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"74","firstname":"Donald A.","surname":"Glaser","born":"1926-09-21","died":"2013-02-28","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Cleveland, OH","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Berkeley, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1960","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the invention of the bubble chamber\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Berkeley, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"75","firstname":"Robert","surname":"Hofstadter","born":"1915-02-05","died":"1990-11-17","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Stanford, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1961","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Stanford University","city":"Stanford, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"76","firstname":"Rudolf","surname":"M\u00f6ssbauer","born":"1929-01-31","died":"2011-09-14","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Munich","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1961","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Technical University","city":"Munich","country":"Germany"},{"name":"California Institute of Technology (Caltech)","city":"Pasadena, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"77","firstname":"Lev","surname":"Landau","born":"1908-01-22","died":"1968-04-01","bornCountry":"Russian Empire (now Azerbaijan)","bornCountryCode":"AZ","bornCity":"Baku","diedCountry":"USSR (now Russia)","diedCountryCode":"RU","diedCity":"Moscow","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1962","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Academy of Sciences","city":"Moscow","country":"USSR (now Russia)"}]}]},{"id":"78","firstname":"Eugene","surname":"Wigner","born":"1902-11-17","died":"1995-01-01","bornCountry":"Austria-Hungary (now Hungary)","bornCountryCode":"HU","bornCity":"Budapest","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Princeton, NJ","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1963","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Princeton University","city":"Princeton, NJ","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"79","firstname":"Maria","surname":"Goeppert Mayer","born":"1906-06-28","died":"1972-02-20","bornCountry":"Germany (now Poland)","bornCountryCode":"PL","bornCity":"Kattowitz (now Katowice)","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"San Diego, CA","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"1963","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"San Diego, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"80","firstname":"J. Hans D.","surname":"Jensen","born":"1907-06-25","died":"1973-02-11","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Hamburg","diedCountry":"West Germany (now Germany)","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Heidelberg","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1963","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Heidelberg","city":"Heidelberg","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"81","firstname":"Charles H.","surname":"Townes","born":"1915-07-28","died":"2015-01-27","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Greenville, SC","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Berkeley, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1964","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"82","firstname":"Nicolay G.","surname":"Basov","born":"1922-12-14","died":"2001-07-01","bornCountry":"USSR (now Russia)","bornCountryCode":"RU","bornCity":"Usman","diedCountry":"Russia","diedCountryCode":"RU","diedCity":"Moscow","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1964","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle\"","affiliations":[{"name":"P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute","city":"Moscow","country":"USSR (now Russia)"}]}]},{"id":"83","firstname":"Aleksandr M.","surname":"Prokhorov","born":"1916-07-11","died":"2002-01-08","bornCountry":"Australia","bornCountryCode":"AU","bornCity":"Atherton","diedCountry":"Russia","diedCountryCode":"RU","diedCity":"Moscow","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1964","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle\"","affiliations":[{"name":"P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute","city":"Moscow","country":"USSR (now Russia)"}]}]},{"id":"84","firstname":"Sin-Itiro","surname":"Tomonaga","born":"1906-03-31","died":"1979-07-08","bornCountry":"Japan","bornCountryCode":"JP","bornCity":"Kyoto","diedCountry":"Japan","diedCountryCode":"JP","diedCity":"Tokyo","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1965","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Tokyo University of Education","city":"Tokyo","country":"Japan"}]}]},{"id":"85","firstname":"Julian","surname":"Schwinger","born":"1918-02-12","died":"1994-07-16","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Los Angeles, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1965","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Harvard University","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"86","firstname":"Richard P.","surname":"Feynman","born":"1918-05-11","died":"1988-02-15","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Los Angeles, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1965","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles\"","affiliations":[{"name":"California Institute of Technology (Caltech)","city":"Pasadena, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"87","firstname":"Alfred","surname":"Kastler","born":"1902-05-03","died":"1984-01-07","bornCountry":"Germany (now France)","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Guebwiller","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Bandol","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1966","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms\"","affiliations":[{"name":"\u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure","city":"Paris","country":"France"}]}]},{"id":"88","firstname":"Hans","surname":"Bethe","born":"1906-07-02","died":"2005-03-06","bornCountry":"Germany (now France)","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Strasbourg","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Ithaca, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1967","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Cornell University","city":"Ithaca, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"89","firstname":"Luis","surname":"Alvarez","born":"1911-06-13","died":"1988-09-01","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"San Francisco, CA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Berkeley, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1968","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Berkeley, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"90","firstname":"Murray","surname":"Gell-Mann","born":"1929-09-15","died":"2019-05-24","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Santa Fe, NM","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1969","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions\"","affiliations":[{"name":"California Institute of Technology (Caltech)","city":"Pasadena, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"91","firstname":"Hannes","surname":"Alfv\u00e9n","born":"1908-05-30","died":"1995-04-02","bornCountry":"Sweden","bornCountryCode":"SE","bornCity":"Norrk\u00f6ping","diedCountry":"Sweden","diedCountryCode":"SE","diedCity":"Djursholm","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1970","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydro-dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Royal Institute of Technology","city":"Stockholm","country":"Sweden"}]}]},{"id":"92","firstname":"Louis","surname":"N\u00e9el","born":"1904-11-22","died":"2000-11-17","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Lyon","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Brive-Corr\u00e8ze","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1970","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Grenoble","city":"Grenoble","country":"France"}]}]},{"id":"93","firstname":"Dennis","surname":"Gabor","born":"1900-06-05","died":"1979-02-08","bornCountry":"Hungary","bornCountryCode":"HU","bornCity":"Budapest","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"London","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1971","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his invention and development of the holographic method\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Imperial College","city":"London","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"95","firstname":"Leon N.","surname":"Cooper","born":"1930-02-28","died":"2024-10-23","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Providence, RI","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1972","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Brown University","city":"Providence, RI","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"96","firstname":"Robert","surname":"Schrieffer","born":"1931-05-31","died":"2019-07-27","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Oak Park, IL","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Tallahassee, FL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1972","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania","city":"Philadelphia, PA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"97","firstname":"Leo","surname":"Esaki","born":"1925-03-12","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Japan","bornCountryCode":"JP","bornCity":"Osaka","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1973","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively\"","affiliations":[{"name":"IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center","city":"Yorktown Heights, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"98","firstname":"Ivar","surname":"Giaever","born":"1929-04-05","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Norway","bornCountryCode":"NO","bornCity":"Bergen","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1973","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively\"","affiliations":[{"name":"General Electric Company","city":"Schenectady, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"99","firstname":"Brian D.","surname":"Josephson","born":"1940-01-04","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Cardiff","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1973","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Cambridge","city":"Cambridge","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"100","firstname":"Martin","surname":"Ryle","born":"1918-09-27","died":"1984-10-14","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Brighton","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Cambridge","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1974","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Cambridge","city":"Cambridge","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"101","firstname":"Antony","surname":"Hewish","born":"1924-05-11","died":"2021-09-13","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Fowey","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1974","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Cambridge","city":"Cambridge","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"102","firstname":"Aage N.","surname":"Bohr","born":"1922-06-19","died":"2009-09-08","bornCountry":"Denmark","bornCountryCode":"DK","bornCity":"Copenhagen","diedCountry":"Denmark","diedCountryCode":"DK","diedCity":"Copenhagen","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1975","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Niels Bohr Institute","city":"Copenhagen","country":"Denmark"}]}]},{"id":"103","firstname":"Ben R.","surname":"Mottelson","born":"1926-07-09","died":"2022-05-13","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Chicago, IL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1975","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Nordita","city":"Copenhagen","country":"Denmark"}]}]},{"id":"104","firstname":"James","surname":"Rainwater","born":"1917-12-09","died":"1986-05-31","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Council, ID","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Yonkers, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1975","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Columbia University","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"105","firstname":"Burton","surname":"Richter","born":"1931-03-22","died":"2018-07-18","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Brooklyn, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Stanford, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1976","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Stanford Linear Accelerator Center","city":"Stanford, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"106","firstname":"Samuel C.C.","surname":"Ting","born":"1936-01-27","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Ann Arbor, 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MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"110","firstname":"Pyotr","surname":"Kapitsa","born":"1894-07-09","died":"1984-04-08","bornCountry":"Russian Empire (now Russia)","bornCountryCode":"RU","bornCity":"Kronshtadt","diedCountry":"USSR (now Russia)","diedCountryCode":"RU","diedCity":"Moscow","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1978","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Academy of Sciences","city":"Moscow","country":"USSR (now Russia)"}]}]},{"id":"111","firstname":"Arno","surname":"Penzias","born":"1933-04-26","died":"2024-01-22","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Munich","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"San Francisco, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1978","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Bell 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MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"114","firstname":"Abdus","surname":"Salam","born":"1926-01-29","died":"1996-11-21","bornCountry":"India (now Pakistan)","bornCountryCode":"PK","bornCity":"Jhang Maghi\u0101na","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Oxford","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1979","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current\"","affiliations":[{"name":"International Centre for Theoretical Physics","city":"Trieste","country":"Italy"},{"name":"Imperial College","city":"London","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"115","firstname":"Steven","surname":"Weinberg","born":"1933-05-03","died":"2021-07-23","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Austin, 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IL","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"117","firstname":"Val","surname":"Fitch","born":"1923-03-10","died":"2015-02-05","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Merriman, NE","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Princeton, NJ","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1980","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Princeton University","city":"Princeton, NJ","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"118","firstname":"Nicolaas","surname":"Bloembergen","born":"1920-03-11","died":"2017-09-05","bornCountry":"the Netherlands","bornCountryCode":"NL","bornCity":"Dordrecht","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Tucson, AZ","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1981","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Harvard University","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"119","firstname":"Arthur L.","surname":"Schawlow","born":"1921-05-05","died":"1999-04-28","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Mount Vernon, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Palo Alto, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1981","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Stanford University","city":"Stanford, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"120","firstname":"Kai M.","surname":"Siegbahn","born":"1918-04-20","died":"2007-07-20","bornCountry":"Sweden","bornCountryCode":"SE","bornCity":"Lund","diedCountry":"Sweden","diedCountryCode":"SE","diedCity":"\u00c4ngelholm","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1981","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Uppsala University","city":"Uppsala","country":"Sweden"}]}]},{"id":"121","firstname":"Kenneth G.","surname":"Wilson","born":"1936-06-08","died":"2013-06-15","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Waltham, MA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Saco, ME","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1982","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Cornell University","city":"Ithaca, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"122","firstname":"Subrahmanyan","surname":"Chandrasekhar","born":"1910-10-19","died":"1995-08-21","bornCountry":"India (now Pakistan)","bornCountryCode":"PK","bornCity":"Lahore","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Chicago, IL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1983","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Chicago","city":"Chicago, IL","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"123","firstname":"William A.","surname":"Fowler","born":"1911-08-09","died":"1995-03-14","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Pittsburgh, PA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Pasadena, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1983","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe\"","affiliations":[{"name":"California Institute of Technology (Caltech)","city":"Pasadena, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"124","firstname":"Carlo","surname":"Rubbia","born":"1934-03-31","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Italy","bornCountryCode":"IT","bornCity":"Gorizia","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1984","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to 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Poland)","bornCountryCode":"PL","bornCity":"Schroda","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1985","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Festk\u00f6rperforschung","city":"Stuttgart","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"127","firstname":"Ernst","surname":"Ruska","born":"1906-12-25","died":"1988-05-27","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Heidelberg","diedCountry":"Germany","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"West Berlin","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1986","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft","city":"Berlin","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"128","firstname":"Gerd","surname":"Binnig","born":"1947-07-20","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"West Germany (now Germany)","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Frankfurt-on-the-Main","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1986","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope\"","affiliations":[{"name":"IBM Zurich Research Laboratory","city":"R\u00fcschlikon","country":"Switzerland"}]}]},{"id":"129","firstname":"Heinrich","surname":"Rohrer","born":"1933-06-06","died":"2013-05-16","bornCountry":"Switzerland","bornCountryCode":"CH","bornCity":"Buchs","diedCountry":"Switzerland","diedCountryCode":"CH","diedCity":"Wollerau","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1986","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope\"","affiliations":[{"name":"IBM Zurich Research Laboratory","city":"R\u00fcschlikon","country":"Switzerland"}]}]},{"id":"130","firstname":"J. Georg","surname":"Bednorz","born":"1950-05-16","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"West Germany (now Germany)","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Neuenkirchen","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1987","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials\"","affiliations":[{"name":"IBM Zurich Research Laboratory","city":"R\u00fcschlikon","country":"Switzerland"}]}]},{"id":"131","firstname":"K. Alex","surname":"M\u00fcller","born":"1927-04-20","died":"2023-01-09","bornCountry":"Switzerland","bornCountryCode":"CH","bornCity":"Basel","diedCountry":"Switzerland","diedCountryCode":"CH","diedCity":"Zurich","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1987","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials\"","affiliations":[{"name":"IBM Zurich Research Laboratory","city":"R\u00fcschlikon","country":"Switzerland"}]}]},{"id":"132","firstname":"Leon M.","surname":"Lederman","born":"1922-07-15","died":"2018-10-03","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Rexburg, ID","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1988","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Fermi 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demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino\"","affiliations":[{"name":"CERN","city":"Geneva","country":"Switzerland"}]}]},{"id":"135","firstname":"Norman F.","surname":"Ramsey","born":"1915-08-27","died":"2011-11-04","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Washington, D.C.","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Wayland, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1989","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Harvard University","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"136","firstname":"Hans G.","surname":"Dehmelt","born":"1922-09-09","died":"2017-03-07","bornCountry":"Prussia (now Germany)","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"G\u00f6rlitz","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Seattle, WA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1989","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for the development of the ion trap technique\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Washington","city":"Seattle, WA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"137","firstname":"Wolfgang","surname":"Paul","born":"1913-08-10","died":"1993-12-07","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Lorenzkirch","diedCountry":"Germany","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Bonn","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1989","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for the development of the ion trap technique\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Bonn","city":"Bonn","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"138","firstname":"Jerome I.","surname":"Friedman","born":"1930-03-28","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Chicago, IL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1990","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep 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in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Coll\u00e8ge de France","city":"Paris","country":"France"}]}]},{"id":"142","firstname":"Georges","surname":"Charpak","born":"1924-08-01","died":"2010-09-29","bornCountry":"Poland","bornCountryCode":"PL","bornCity":"Dabrovica","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Paris","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1992","category":"physics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber\"","affiliations":[{"name":"\u00c9cole Sup\u00e9rieure de Physique et Chimie","city":"Paris","country":"France"},{"name":"CERN","city":"Geneva","country":"Switzerland"}]}]},{"id":"143","firstname":"Russell A.","surname":"Hulse","born":"1950-11-28","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1993","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Princeton University","city":"Princeton, NJ","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"144","firstname":"Joseph H.","surname":"Taylor Jr.","born":"1941-03-29","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Philadelphia, PA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1993","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Princeton University","city":"Princeton, NJ","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"145","firstname":"Bertram N.","surname":"Brockhouse","born":"1918-07-15","died":"2003-10-13","bornCountry":"Canada","bornCountryCode":"CA","bornCity":"Lethbridge, Alberta","diedCountry":"Canada","diedCountryCode":"CA","diedCity":"Hamilton, Ontario","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1994","category":"physics","overallMotivation":"\"for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter\"","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the development of neutron spectroscopy\"","affiliations":[{"name":"McMaster University","city":"Hamilton, Ontario","country":"Canada"}]}]},{"id":"146","firstname":"Clifford G.","surname":"Shull","born":"1915-09-23","died":"2001-03-31","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Pittsburgh, PA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Medford, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1994","category":"physics","overallMotivation":"\"for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter\"","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the development of the neutron diffraction technique\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"147","firstname":"Martin L.","surname":"Perl","born":"1927-06-24","died":"2014-09-30","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Palo Alto, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1995","category":"physics","overallMotivation":"\"for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics\"","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the discovery of the tau lepton\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Stanford University","city":"Stanford, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"148","firstname":"Frederick","surname":"Reines","born":"1918-03-16","died":"1998-08-26","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Paterson, NJ","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Orange, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1995","category":"physics","overallMotivation":"\"for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics\"","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the detection of the neutrino\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Irvine, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"149","firstname":"David M.","surname":"Lee","born":"1931-01-20","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Rye, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1996","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Cornell University","city":"Ithaca, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"150","firstname":"Douglas D.","surname":"Osheroff","born":"1945-08-01","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Aberdeen, WA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1996","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Stanford University","city":"Stanford, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"151","firstname":"Robert C.","surname":"Richardson","born":"1937-06-26","died":"2013-02-19","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Washington, D.C.","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Ithaca, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1996","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Cornell University","city":"Ithaca, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"152","firstname":"Steven","surname":"Chu","born":"1948-02-28","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"St. Louis, MO","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1997","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Stanford University","city":"Stanford, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"153","firstname":"Claude","surname":"Cohen-Tannoudji","born":"1933-04-01","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"French Algeria (now Algeria)","bornCountryCode":"DZ","bornCity":"Constantine","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1997","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Coll\u00e8ge de France","city":"Paris","country":"France"},{"name":"\u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure","city":"Paris","country":"France"}]}]},{"id":"154","firstname":"William D.","surname":"Phillips","born":"1948-11-05","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Wilkes-Barre, PA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1997","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light\"","affiliations":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","city":"Gaithersburg, MD","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"155","firstname":"Robert B.","surname":"Laughlin","born":"1950-11-01","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Visalia, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1998","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Stanford University","city":"Stanford, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"156","firstname":"Horst L.","surname":"St\u00f6rmer","born":"1949-04-06","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"West Germany (now Germany)","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Frankfurt-on-the-Main","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1998","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Columbia University","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"157","firstname":"Daniel 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Netherlands","bornCountryCode":"NL","bornCity":"Waalwijk","diedCountry":"the Netherlands","diedCountryCode":"NL","diedCity":"Bilthoven","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1999","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"160","firstname":"Jacobus H.","surname":"van 't Hoff","born":"1852-08-30","died":"1911-03-01","bornCountry":"the Netherlands","bornCountryCode":"NL","bornCity":"Rotterdam","diedCountry":"Germany","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Berlin","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1901","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Berlin University","city":"Berlin","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"161","firstname":"Emil","surname":"Fischer","born":"1852-10-09","died":"1919-07-15","bornCountry":"Prussia (now Germany)","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Euskirchen","diedCountry":"Germany","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Berlin","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1902","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Berlin University","city":"Berlin","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"162","firstname":"Svante","surname":"Arrhenius","born":"1859-02-19","died":"1927-10-02","bornCountry":"Sweden","bornCountryCode":"SE","bornCity":"Vik","diedCountry":"Sweden","diedCountryCode":"SE","diedCity":"Stockholm","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1903","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Stockholm University","city":"Stockholm","country":"Sweden"}]}]},{"id":"163","firstname":"Sir William","surname":"Ramsay","born":"1852-10-02","died":"1916-07-23","bornCountry":"Scotland","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Glasgow","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"High Wycombe","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1904","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University College","city":"London","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"164","firstname":"Adolf","surname":"von Baeyer","born":"1835-10-31","died":"1917-08-20","bornCountry":"Prussia (now 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him\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Sorbonne University","city":"Paris","country":"France"}]}]},{"id":"166","firstname":"Eduard","surname":"Buchner","born":"1860-05-20","died":"1917-08-13","bornCountry":"Bavaria (now Germany)","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Munich","diedCountry":"Romania","diedCountryCode":"RO","diedCity":"Focsani","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1907","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule (Agricultural College)","city":"Berlin","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"167","firstname":"Ernest","surname":"Rutherford","born":"1871-08-30","died":"1937-10-19","bornCountry":"New Zealand","bornCountryCode":"NZ","bornCity":"Nelson","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Cambridge","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1908","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Victoria University","city":"Manchester","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"168","firstname":"Wilhelm","surname":"Ostwald","born":"1853-09-02","died":"1932-04-04","bornCountry":"Russian Empire (now Latvia)","bornCountryCode":"LV","bornCity":"Riga","diedCountry":"Germany","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Leipzig","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1909","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Leipzig University","city":"Leipzig","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"169","firstname":"Otto","surname":"Wallach","born":"1847-03-27","died":"1931-02-26","bornCountry":"Germany (now Russia)","bornCountryCode":"RU","bornCity":"Koenigsberg (now Kaliningrad)","diedCountry":"Germany","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"G\u00f6ttingen","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1910","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Goettingen University","city":"G\u00f6ttingen","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"172","firstname":"Victor","surname":"Grignard","born":"1871-05-06","died":"1935-12-13","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Cherbourg","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Lyon","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1912","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Nancy University","city":"Nancy","country":"France"}]}]},{"id":"173","firstname":"Paul","surname":"Sabatier","born":"1854-11-05","died":"1941-08-14","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Carcassonne","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Toulouse","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1912","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Toulouse University","city":"Toulouse","country":"France"}]}]},{"id":"174","firstname":"Alfred","surname":"Werner","born":"1866-12-12","died":"1919-11-15","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Mulhouse","diedCountry":"Switzerland","diedCountryCode":"CH","diedCity":"Zurich","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1913","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Zurich","city":"Zurich","country":"Switzerland"}]}]},{"id":"175","firstname":"Theodore W.","surname":"Richards","born":"1868-01-31","died":"1928-04-02","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Germantown, PA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Cambridge, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1914","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Harvard University","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"176","firstname":"Richard","surname":"Willst\u00e4tter","born":"1872-08-13","died":"1942-08-03","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Karlsruhe","diedCountry":"Switzerland","diedCountryCode":"CH","diedCity":"Locarno","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1915","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck Institut) f\u00fcr Chemie","city":"Berlin-Dahlem","country":"Germany"},{"name":"Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t","city":"Berlin","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"177","firstname":"Fritz","surname":"Haber","born":"1868-12-09","died":"1934-01-29","bornCountry":"Prussia (now Poland)","bornCountryCode":"PL","bornCity":"Breslau (now Wroclaw)","diedCountry":"Switzerland","diedCountryCode":"CH","diedCity":"Basel","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1918","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Fritz-Haber-Institut) f\u00fcr physikalische Chemie und Electrochemie","city":"Berlin-Dahlem","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"178","firstname":"Walther","surname":"Nernst","born":"1864-06-25","died":"1941-11-18","bornCountry":"Prussia (now Poland)","bornCountryCode":"PL","bornCity":"Briesen (now W\u0105brze\u017ano)","diedCountry":"Germany (now Poland)","diedCountryCode":"PL","diedCity":"Zibelle (now Niwica)","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1920","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"in recognition of his work in thermochemistry\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Berlin University","city":"Berlin","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"179","firstname":"Frederick","surname":"Soddy","born":"1877-09-02","died":"1956-09-22","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Eastbourne","diedCountry":"United 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Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"181","firstname":"Fritz","surname":"Pregl","born":"1869-09-03","died":"1930-12-13","bornCountry":"Austria-Hungary (now Slovenia)","bornCountryCode":"SI","bornCity":"Laibach (now Ljubljana)","diedCountry":"Austria","diedCountryCode":"AT","diedCity":"Graz","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1923","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Graz University","city":"Graz","country":"Austria"}]}]},{"id":"182","firstname":"Richard","surname":"Zsigmondy","born":"1865-04-01","died":"1929-09-24","bornCountry":"Austrian Empire (now Austria)","bornCountryCode":"AT","bornCity":"Vienna","diedCountry":"Germany","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"G\u00f6ttingen","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1925","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Goettingen University","city":"G\u00f6ttingen","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"183","firstname":"The","surname":"Svedberg","born":"1884-08-30","died":"1971-02-25","bornCountry":"Sweden","bornCountryCode":"SE","bornCity":"Fler\u00e4ng","diedCountry":"Sweden","diedCountryCode":"SE","diedCity":"\u00d6rebro","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1926","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his work on disperse systems\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Uppsala University","city":"Uppsala","country":"Sweden"}]}]},{"id":"184","firstname":"Heinrich","surname":"Wieland","born":"1877-06-04","died":"1957-08-05","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Pforzheim","diedCountry":"West Germany (now Germany)","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Munich","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1927","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Munich University","city":"Munich","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"185","firstname":"Adolf","surname":"Windaus","born":"1876-12-25","died":"1959-06-09","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Berlin","diedCountry":"West Germany (now Germany)","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"G\u00f6ttingen","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1928","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Goettingen University","city":"G\u00f6ttingen","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"186","firstname":"Arthur","surname":"Harden","born":"1865-10-12","died":"1940-06-17","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Manchester","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Bourne","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1929","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes\"","affiliations":[{"name":"London University","city":"London","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"187","firstname":"Hans","surname":"von Euler-Chelpin","born":"1873-02-15","died":"1964-11-06","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Augsburg","diedCountry":"Sweden","diedCountryCode":"SE","diedCity":"Stockholm","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1929","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Stockholm University","city":"Stockholm","country":"Sweden"}]}]},{"id":"188","firstname":"Hans","surname":"Fischer","born":"1881-07-27","died":"1945-03-31","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Hoechst","diedCountry":"Germany","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Munich","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1930","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Technische Hochschule (Institute of Technology)","city":"Munich","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"189","firstname":"Carl","surname":"Bosch","born":"1874-08-27","died":"1940-04-26","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Cologne","diedCountry":"Germany","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Heidelberg","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1931","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Heidelberg","city":"Heidelberg","country":"Germany"},{"name":"I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G.","city":"Heidelberg","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"190","firstname":"Friedrich","surname":"Bergius","born":"1884-10-11","died":"1949-03-30","bornCountry":"Germany (now Poland)","bornCountryCode":"PL","bornCity":"Goldschmieden, near Breslau","diedCountry":"Argentina","diedCountryCode":"AR","diedCity":"Buenos Aires","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1931","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Heidelberg","city":"Heidelberg","country":"Germany"},{"name":"I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G.","city":"Mannheim-Rheinau","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"191","firstname":"Irving","surname":"Langmuir","born":"1881-01-31","died":"1957-08-16","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Brooklyn, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Falmouth, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1932","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry\"","affiliations":[{"name":"General Electric Company","city":"Schenectady, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"192","firstname":"Harold C.","surname":"Urey","born":"1893-04-29","died":"1981-01-05","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Walkerton, IN","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"La Jolla, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1934","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his discovery of heavy hydrogen\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Columbia University","city":"New York, 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Radium","city":"Paris","country":"France"}]}]},{"id":"195","firstname":"Peter","surname":"Debye","born":"1884-03-24","died":"1966-11-02","bornCountry":"the Netherlands","bornCountryCode":"NL","bornCity":"Maastricht","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Ithaca, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1936","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Berlin University","city":"Berlin","country":"Germany"},{"name":"Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut) f\u00fcr Physik","city":"Berlin","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"196","firstname":"Norman","surname":"Haworth","born":"1883-03-19","died":"1950-03-19","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Chorley","diedCountry":"United 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Germany)","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Heidelberg","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1938","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his work on carotenoids and vitamins\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck Institut) f\u00fcr Medizinische Forschung","city":"Heidelberg","country":"Germany"},{"name":"University of Heidelberg","city":"Heidelberg","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"199","firstname":"Adolf","surname":"Butenandt","born":"1903-03-24","died":"1995-01-18","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Bremerhaven-Lehe","diedCountry":"Germany","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Munich","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1939","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his work on sex hormones\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut) f\u00fcr Biochemie","city":"Berlin-Dahlem","country":"Germany"},{"name":"Berlin University","city":"Berlin","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"200","firstname":"Leopold","surname":"Ruzicka","born":"1887-09-13","died":"1976-09-26","bornCountry":"Austria-Hungary (now Croatia)","bornCountryCode":"HR","bornCity":"Vukovar","diedCountry":"Switzerland","diedCountryCode":"CH","diedCity":"Zurich","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1939","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology)","city":"Zurich","country":"Switzerland"}]}]},{"id":"201","firstname":"George","surname":"de Hevesy","born":"1885-08-01","died":"1966-07-05","bornCountry":"Austria-Hungary (now Hungary)","bornCountryCode":"HU","bornCity":"Budapest","diedCountry":"West Germany (now Germany)","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Freiburg im Breisgau","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1943","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Stockholm University","city":"Stockholm","country":"Sweden"}]}]},{"id":"202","firstname":"Otto","surname":"Hahn","born":"1879-03-08","died":"1968-07-28","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Frankfurt-on-the-Main","diedCountry":"West Germany (now Germany)","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"G\u00f6ttingen","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1944","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck Institut) f\u00fcr Chemie","city":"Berlin-Dahlem","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"203","firstname":"Artturi","surname":"Virtanen","born":"1895-01-15","died":"1973-11-11","bornCountry":"Russian Empire (now Finland)","bornCountryCode":"FI","bornCity":"Helsinki","diedCountry":"Finland","diedCountryCode":"FI","diedCity":"Helsinki","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1945","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Helsinki","city":"Helsinki","country":"Finland"}]}]},{"id":"204","firstname":"James B.","surname":"Sumner","born":"1887-11-19","died":"1955-08-12","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Canton, MA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Buffalo, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1946","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Cornell University","city":"Ithaca, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"205","firstname":"John H.","surname":"Northrop","born":"1891-07-05","died":"1987-05-27","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Yonkers, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Wickenberg, AZ","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1946","category":"chemistry","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research","city":"Princeton, NJ","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"206","firstname":"Wendell M.","surname":"Stanley","born":"1904-08-16","died":"1971-06-15","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Ridgeville, IN","diedCountry":"Spain","diedCountryCode":"ES","diedCity":"Salamanca","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1946","category":"chemistry","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research","city":"Princeton, NJ","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"207","firstname":"Sir Robert","surname":"Robinson","born":"1886-09-13","died":"1975-02-08","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Rufford, near Chesterfield","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Great Missenden","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1947","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Oxford","city":"Oxford","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"208","firstname":"Arne","surname":"Tiselius","born":"1902-08-10","died":"1971-10-29","bornCountry":"Sweden","bornCountryCode":"SE","bornCity":"Stockholm","diedCountry":"Sweden","diedCountryCode":"SE","diedCity":"Uppsala","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1948","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Uppsala University","city":"Uppsala","country":"Sweden"}]}]},{"id":"209","firstname":"William F.","surname":"Giauque","born":"1895-05-12","died":"1982-03-28","bornCountry":"Canada","bornCountryCode":"CA","bornCity":"Niagara Falls","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Berkeley, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1949","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Berkeley, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"210","firstname":"Otto","surname":"Diels","born":"1876-01-23","died":"1954-03-07","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Hamburg","diedCountry":"West Germany (now Germany)","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Kiel","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1950","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Kiel University","city":"Kiel","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"211","firstname":"Kurt","surname":"Alder","born":"1902-07-10","died":"1958-06-20","bornCountry":"Prussia (now Poland)","bornCountryCode":"PL","bornCity":"K\u00f6nigsh\u00fctte (now Chorz\u00f3w)","diedCountry":"West Germany (now Germany)","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Cologne","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1950","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Cologne University","city":"Cologne","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"212","firstname":"Edwin M.","surname":"McMillan","born":"1907-09-18","died":"1991-09-07","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Redondo Beach, CA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"El Cerrito, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1951","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Berkeley, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"213","firstname":"Glenn T.","surname":"Seaborg","born":"1912-04-19","died":"1999-02-25","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Ishpeming, MI","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Lafayette, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1951","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Berkeley, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"214","firstname":"Archer J.P.","surname":"Martin","born":"1910-03-01","died":"2002-07-28","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"London","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Llangarron","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1952","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their invention of partition chromatography\"","affiliations":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research","city":"London","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"215","firstname":"Richard L.M.","surname":"Synge","born":"1914-10-28","died":"1994-08-18","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Liverpool","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Norwich","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1952","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their invention of partition chromatography\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Rowett Research Institute","city":"Bucksburn (Scotland)","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"216","firstname":"Hermann","surname":"Staudinger","born":"1881-03-23","died":"1965-09-08","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Worms","diedCountry":"West Germany (now Germany)","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Freiburg im Breisgau","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1953","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Freiburg","city":"Breisgau","country":"Germany"},{"name":"Staatliches Institut f\u00fcr makromolekulare Chemie (State Research Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry), Freiburg","city":"Breisgau","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"217","firstname":"Linus","surname":"Pauling","born":"1901-02-28","died":"1994-08-19","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Portland, OR","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Big Sur, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1954","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances\"","affiliations":[{"name":"California Institute of Technology (Caltech)","city":"Pasadena, CA","country":"USA"}]},{"year":"1962","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his fight against the nuclear arms race between East and West\"","affiliations":[{"name":"California Institute of Technology (Caltech)","city":"Pasadena, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"218","firstname":"Vincent","surname":"du Vigneaud","born":"1901-05-18","died":"1978-12-11","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Chicago, IL","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"White Plains, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1955","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Cornell University","city":"Ithaca, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"219","firstname":"Sir Cyril","surname":"Hinshelwood","born":"1897-05-19","died":"1967-10-09","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"London","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"London","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1956","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Oxford","city":"Oxford","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"220","firstname":"Nikolay","surname":"Semenov","born":"1896-04-03","died":"1986-09-25","bornCountry":"Russia","bornCountryCode":"RU","bornCity":"Saratov","diedCountry":"USSR (now Russia)","diedCountryCode":"RU","diedCity":"Moscow","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1956","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Institute for Chemical Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR","city":"Moscow","country":"USSR (now Russia)"},{"name":"Lomonosov Moscow State University","city":"Moscow","country":"USSR (now Russia)"}]}]},{"id":"221","firstname":"Lord","surname":"Todd","born":"1907-10-02","died":"1997-01-10","bornCountry":"Scotland","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Glasgow","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Cambridge","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1957","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Cambridge","city":"Cambridge","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"222","firstname":"Frederick","surname":"Sanger","born":"1918-08-13","died":"2013-11-19","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Rendcombe","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Cambridge","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1958","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Cambridge","city":"Cambridge","country":"United Kingdom"}]},{"year":"1980","category":"chemistry","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids\"","affiliations":[{"name":"MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology","city":"Cambridge","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"223","firstname":"Jaroslav","surname":"Heyrovsky","born":"1890-12-20","died":"1967-03-27","bornCountry":"Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic)","bornCountryCode":"CZ","bornCity":"Prague","diedCountry":"Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic)","diedCountryCode":"CZ","diedCity":"Prague","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1959","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Polarographic Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Science","city":"Prague","country":"Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic)"}]}]},{"id":"224","firstname":"Willard F.","surname":"Libby","born":"1908-12-17","died":"1980-09-08","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Grand Valley, CO","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Los Angeles, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1960","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Los Angeles, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"225","firstname":"Melvin","surname":"Calvin","born":"1911-04-08","died":"1997-01-08","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"St. Paul, MN","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Berkeley, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1961","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Berkeley, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"226","firstname":"Max F.","surname":"Perutz","born":"1914-05-19","died":"2002-02-06","bornCountry":"Austria","bornCountryCode":"AT","bornCity":"Vienna","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Cambridge","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1962","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins\"","affiliations":[{"name":"MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology","city":"Cambridge","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"227","firstname":"John C.","surname":"Kendrew","born":"1917-03-24","died":"1997-08-23","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Oxford","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Cambridge","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1962","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins\"","affiliations":[{"name":"MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology","city":"Cambridge","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"228","firstname":"Karl","surname":"Ziegler","born":"1898-11-26","died":"1973-08-12","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Helsa","diedCountry":"West Germany (now Germany)","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"M\u00fclheim","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1963","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Kohlenforschung","city":"M\u00fclheim an der Ruhr","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"229","firstname":"Giulio","surname":"Natta","born":"1903-02-26","died":"1979-05-02","bornCountry":"Italy","bornCountryCode":"IT","bornCity":"Imperia","diedCountry":"Italy","diedCountryCode":"IT","diedCity":"Bergamo","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1963","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Institute of Technology","city":"Milan","country":"Italy"}]}]},{"id":"230","firstname":"Dorothy Crowfoot","surname":"Hodgkin","born":"1910-05-12","died":"1994-07-29","bornCountry":"Egypt","bornCountryCode":"EG","bornCity":"Cairo","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Shipston-on-Stour","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"1964","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Oxford, Royal Society","city":"Oxford","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"231","firstname":"Robert B.","surname":"Woodward","born":"1917-04-10","died":"1979-07-08","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Boston, MA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Cambridge, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1965","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Harvard University","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"232","firstname":"Robert S.","surname":"Mulliken","born":"1896-06-07","died":"1986-10-31","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Newburyport, MA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Arlington, VA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1966","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Chicago","city":"Chicago, IL","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"233","firstname":"Manfred","surname":"Eigen","born":"1927-05-09","died":"2019-02-06","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Bochum","diedCountry":"Germany","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"G\u00f6ttingen","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1967","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Physikalische Chemie","city":"G\u00f6ttingen","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"234","firstname":"Ronald G.W.","surname":"Norrish","born":"1897-11-09","died":"1978-06-07","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Cambridge","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Cambridge","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1967","category":"chemistry","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry","city":"Cambridge","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"235","firstname":"George","surname":"Porter","born":"1920-12-06","died":"2002-08-31","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Stainforth","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Canterbury","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1967","category":"chemistry","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Royal Institution of Great Britain","city":"London","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"236","firstname":"Lars","surname":"Onsager","born":"1903-11-27","died":"1976-10-05","bornCountry":"Norway","bornCountryCode":"NO","bornCity":"Kristiania (now Oslo)","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Coral Gables, FL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1968","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Yale University","city":"New Haven, CT","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"237","firstname":"Derek","surname":"Barton","born":"1918-09-08","died":"1998-03-16","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Gravesend","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"College Station, TX","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1969","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Imperial College","city":"London","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"238","firstname":"Odd","surname":"Hassel","born":"1897-05-17","died":"1981-05-11","bornCountry":"Norway","bornCountryCode":"NO","bornCity":"Kristiania (now Oslo)","diedCountry":"Norway","diedCountryCode":"NO","diedCity":"Oslo","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1969","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Oslo","city":"Oslo","country":"Norway"}]}]},{"id":"239","firstname":"Luis","surname":"Leloir","born":"1906-09-06","died":"1987-12-02","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Paris","diedCountry":"Argentina","diedCountryCode":"AR","diedCity":"Buenos Aires","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1970","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Institute for Biochemical Research","city":"Buenos Aires","country":"Argentina"}]}]},{"id":"240","firstname":"Gerhard","surname":"Herzberg","born":"1904-12-25","died":"1999-03-03","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Hamburg","diedCountry":"Canada","diedCountryCode":"CA","diedCity":"Ottawa","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1971","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals\"","affiliations":[{"name":"National Research Council of Canada","city":"Ottawa","country":"Canada"}]}]},{"id":"241","firstname":"Christian","surname":"Anfinsen","born":"1916-03-26","died":"1995-05-14","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Monessen, PA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Randallstown, MD","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1972","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation\"","affiliations":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","city":"Bethesda, MD","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"242","firstname":"Stanford","surname":"Moore","born":"1913-09-04","died":"1982-08-23","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Chicago, IL","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1972","category":"chemistry","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Rockefeller University","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"243","firstname":"William H.","surname":"Stein","born":"1911-06-25","died":"1980-02-02","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1972","category":"chemistry","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Rockefeller University","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"244","firstname":"Ernst Otto","surname":"Fischer","born":"1918-11-10","died":"2007-07-23","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Munich","diedCountry":"Germany","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Munich","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1973","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Technical University","city":"Munich","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"245","firstname":"Geoffrey","surname":"Wilkinson","born":"1921-07-14","died":"1996-09-26","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Todmorden","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"London","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1973","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Imperial College","city":"London","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"246","firstname":"Paul J.","surname":"Flory","born":"1910-06-19","died":"1985-09-08","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Sterling, IL","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Big Sur, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1974","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Stanford University","city":"Stanford, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"247","firstname":"John","surname":"Cornforth","born":"1917-09-07","died":"2013-12-08","bornCountry":"Australia","bornCountryCode":"AU","bornCity":"Sydney","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1975","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Sussex","city":"Brighton","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"248","firstname":"Vladimir","surname":"Prelog","born":"1906-07-23","died":"1998-01-07","bornCountry":"Austria-Hungary (now Bosnia and Herzegovina)","bornCountryCode":"BA","bornCity":"Sarajevo","diedCountry":"Switzerland","diedCountryCode":"CH","diedCity":"Zurich","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1975","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology)","city":"Zurich","country":"Switzerland"}]}]},{"id":"249","firstname":"William","surname":"Lipscomb","born":"1919-12-09","died":"2011-04-14","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Cleveland, OH","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Cambridge, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1976","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Harvard University","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"250","firstname":"Ilya","surname":"Prigogine","born":"1917-01-25","died":"2003-05-28","bornCountry":"Russia","bornCountryCode":"RU","bornCity":"Moscow","diedCountry":"Belgium","diedCountryCode":"BE","diedCity":"Brussels","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1977","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles","city":"Brussels","country":"Belgium"},{"name":"University of Texas","city":"Austin, TX","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"251","firstname":"Peter","surname":"Mitchell","born":"1920-09-29","died":"1992-04-10","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Mitcham","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Bodmin","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1978","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Glynn Research Laboratories","city":"Bodmin","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"252","firstname":"Herbert C.","surname":"Brown","born":"1912-05-22","died":"2004-12-19","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"London","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Lafayette, IN","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1979","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Purdue University","city":"West Lafayette, IN","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"253","firstname":"Georg","surname":"Wittig","born":"1897-06-16","died":"1987-08-26","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Berlin","diedCountry":"West Germany (now Germany)","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Heidelberg","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1979","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Heidelberg","city":"Heidelberg","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"254","firstname":"Paul","surname":"Berg","born":"1926-06-30","died":"2023-02-15","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Stanford, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1980","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Stanford University","city":"Stanford, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"255","firstname":"Walter","surname":"Gilbert","born":"1932-03-21","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Boston, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1980","category":"chemistry","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Harvard University, Biological Laboratories","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"257","firstname":"Kenichi","surname":"Fukui","born":"1918-10-04","died":"1998-01-09","bornCountry":"Japan","bornCountryCode":"JP","bornCity":"Nara","diedCountry":"Japan","diedCountryCode":"JP","diedCity":"Kyoto","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1981","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Kyoto University","city":"Kyoto","country":"Japan"}]}]},{"id":"258","firstname":"Roald","surname":"Hoffmann","born":"1937-07-18","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Poland (now Ukraine)","bornCountryCode":"UA","bornCity":"Zloczov","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1981","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Cornell University","city":"Ithaca, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"259","firstname":"Aaron","surname":"Klug","born":"1926-08-11","died":"2018-11-20","bornCountry":"Lithuania","bornCountryCode":"LT","bornCity":"Zelvas","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1982","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes\"","affiliations":[{"name":"MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology","city":"Cambridge","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"260","firstname":"Henry","surname":"Taube","born":"1915-11-30","died":"2005-11-16","bornCountry":"Canada","bornCountryCode":"CA","bornCity":"Neudorf","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Stanford, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1983","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Stanford University","city":"Stanford, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"261","firstname":"Bruce","surname":"Merrifield","born":"1921-07-15","died":"2006-05-14","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Fort Worth, TX","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Cresskill, NJ","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1984","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Rockefeller University","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"262","firstname":"Herbert A.","surname":"Hauptman","born":"1917-02-14","died":"2011-10-23","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Buffalo, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1985","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures\"","affiliations":[{"name":"The Medical Foundation of Buffalo","city":"Buffalo, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"263","firstname":"Jerome","surname":"Karle","born":"1918-06-18","died":"2013-06-06","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Annandale, VA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1985","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures\"","affiliations":[{"name":"US Naval Research Laboratory","city":"Washington, D.C.","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"264","firstname":"Dudley R.","surname":"Herschbach","born":"1932-06-18","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"San Jos\u00e9, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1986","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Harvard University","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"265","firstname":"Yuan T.","surname":"Lee","born":"1936-11-19","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Taiwan","bornCountryCode":"TW","bornCity":"Hsinchu","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1986","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Berkeley, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"266","firstname":"John C.","surname":"Polanyi","born":"1929-01-23","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Berlin","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1986","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Toronto","city":"Toronto","country":"Canada"}]}]},{"id":"267","firstname":"Donald J.","surname":"Cram","born":"1919-04-22","died":"2001-06-17","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Chester, VT","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Palm Desert, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1987","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Los Angeles, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"268","firstname":"Jean-Marie","surname":"Lehn","born":"1939-09-30","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Rosheim","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1987","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Louis Pasteur","city":"Strasbourg","country":"France"},{"name":"Coll\u00e8ge de France","city":"Paris","country":"France"}]}]},{"id":"269","firstname":"Charles J.","surname":"Pedersen","born":"1904-10-03","died":"1989-10-26","bornCountry":"Korea (now South Korea)","bornCountryCode":"KR","bornCity":"Pusan","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Salem, NJ","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1987","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Du Pont","city":"Wilmington, DE","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"270","firstname":"Johann","surname":"Deisenhofer","born":"1943-09-30","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Zusamaltheim","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1988","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas","city":"Dallas, TX","country":"USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"271","firstname":"Robert","surname":"Huber","born":"1937-02-20","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Munich","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1988","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Biochemie","city":"Martinsried","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"272","firstname":"Hartmut","surname":"Michel","born":"1948-07-18","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"West Germany (now Germany)","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Ludwigsburg","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1988","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Biophysik","city":"Frankfurt-on-the-Main","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"273","firstname":"Sidney","surname":"Altman","born":"1939-05-07","died":"2022-04-05","bornCountry":"Canada","bornCountryCode":"CA","bornCity":"Montreal","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Rockleigh, NJ","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1989","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Yale University","city":"New Haven, CT","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"274","firstname":"Thomas R.","surname":"Cech","born":"1947-12-08","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Chicago, IL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1989","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Colorado","city":"Boulder, CO","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"275","firstname":"Elias James","surname":"Corey","born":"1928-07-12","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Methuen, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1990","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Harvard University","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"276","firstname":"Richard R.","surname":"Ernst","born":"1933-08-14","died":"2021-06-04","bornCountry":"Switzerland","bornCountryCode":"CH","bornCity":"Winterthur","diedCountry":"Switzerland","diedCountryCode":"CH","diedCity":"Winterthur","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1991","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology)","city":"Zurich","country":"Switzerland"}]}]},{"id":"277","firstname":"Rudolph A.","surname":"Marcus","born":"1923-07-21","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Canada","bornCountryCode":"CA","bornCity":"Montreal","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1992","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems\"","affiliations":[{"name":"California Institute of Technology (Caltech)","city":"Pasadena, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"278","firstname":"Kary B.","surname":"Mullis","born":"1944-12-28","died":"2019-08-07","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Lenoir, NC","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Newport Beach, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1993","category":"chemistry","overallMotivation":"\"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry\"","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"279","firstname":"Michael","surname":"Smith","born":"1932-04-26","died":"2000-10-04","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Blackpool","diedCountry":"Canada","diedCountryCode":"CA","diedCity":"Vancouver","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1993","category":"chemistry","overallMotivation":"\"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry\"","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of British Columbia","city":"Vancouver","country":"Canada"}]}]},{"id":"280","firstname":"George A.","surname":"Olah","born":"1927-05-22","died":"2017-03-08","bornCountry":"Hungary","bornCountryCode":"HU","bornCity":"Budapest","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Los Angeles, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1994","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Southern California","city":"Los Angeles, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"281","firstname":"Paul J.","surname":"Crutzen","born":"1933-12-03","died":"2021-01-28","bornCountry":"the Netherlands","bornCountryCode":"NL","bornCity":"Amsterdam","diedCountry":"Germany","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Mainz","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1995","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Chemie","city":"Mainz","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"282","firstname":"Mario J.","surname":"Molina","born":"1943-03-19","died":"2020-10-07","bornCountry":"Mexico","bornCountryCode":"MX","bornCity":"Mexico City","diedCountry":"Mexico","diedCountryCode":"MX","diedCity":"Mexico City","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1995","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"283","firstname":"F. Sherwood","surname":"Rowland","born":"1927-06-28","died":"2012-03-10","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Delaware, OH","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Corona del Mar, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1995","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Irvine, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"284","firstname":"Robert F.","surname":"Curl Jr.","born":"1933-08-23","died":"2022-07-03","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Alice, TX","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Houston, TX","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1996","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discovery of fullerenes\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Rice University","city":"Houston, TX","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"285","firstname":"Sir Harold","surname":"Kroto","born":"1939-10-07","died":"2016-04-30","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Wisbech, Cambridgeshire ","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Lewes, East Sussex","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1996","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discovery of fullerenes\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Sussex","city":"Brighton","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"286","firstname":"Richard E.","surname":"Smalley","born":"1943-06-06","died":"2005-10-28","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Akron, OH","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Houston, TX","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1996","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discovery of fullerenes\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Rice University","city":"Houston, TX","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"287","firstname":"Paul D.","surname":"Boyer","born":"1918-07-31","died":"2018-06-02","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Provo, UT","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Los Angeles, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1997","category":"chemistry","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Los Angeles, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"288","firstname":"John E.","surname":"Walker","born":"1941-01-07","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Halifax","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1997","category":"chemistry","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)\"","affiliations":[{"name":"MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology","city":"Cambridge","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"289","firstname":"Jens C.","surname":"Skou","born":"1918-10-08","died":"2018-05-28","bornCountry":"Denmark","bornCountryCode":"DK","bornCity":"Lemvig","diedCountry":"Denmark","diedCountryCode":"DK","diedCity":"Aarhus","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1997","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Aarhus University","city":"Aarhus","country":"Denmark"}]}]},{"id":"290","firstname":"Walter","surname":"Kohn","born":"1923-03-09","died":"2016-04-19","bornCountry":"Austria","bornCountryCode":"AT","bornCity":"Vienna","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Santa Barbara, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1998","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his development of the density-functional theory\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Santa Barbara, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"291","firstname":"John","surname":"Pople","born":"1925-10-31","died":"2004-03-15","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Burnham-on-Sea","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Chicago, IL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1998","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Northwestern University","city":"Evanston, IL","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"292","firstname":"Ahmed","surname":"Zewail","born":"1946-02-26","died":"2016-08-02","bornCountry":"Egypt","bornCountryCode":"EG","bornCity":"Damanhur","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Pasadena, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1999","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy\"","affiliations":[{"name":"California Institute of Technology (Caltech)","city":"Pasadena, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"293","firstname":"Emil","surname":"von Behring","born":"1854-03-15","died":"1917-03-31","bornCountry":"Prussia (now Poland)","bornCountryCode":"PL","bornCity":"Hansdorf (now Lawice)","diedCountry":"Germany","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Marburg","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1901","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Marburg University","city":"Marburg","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"294","firstname":"Ronald","surname":"Ross","born":"1857-05-13","died":"1932-09-16","bornCountry":"India","bornCountryCode":"IN","bornCity":"Almora","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Putney Heath","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1902","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University College","city":"Liverpool","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"295","firstname":"Niels Ryberg","surname":"Finsen","born":"1860-12-15","died":"1904-09-24","bornCountry":"Faroe Islands (Denmark)","bornCountryCode":"DK","bornCity":"Thorshavn","diedCountry":"Denmark","diedCountryCode":"DK","diedCity":"Copenhagen","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1903","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Finsen Medical Light Institute","city":"Copenhagen","country":"Denmark"}]}]},{"id":"296","firstname":"Ivan","surname":"Pavlov","born":"1849-09-14","died":"1936-02-27","bornCountry":"Russia","bornCountryCode":"RU","bornCity":"Ryazan","diedCountry":"Russia","diedCountryCode":"RU","diedCity":"Leningrad","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1904","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Military Medical Academy","city":"St. Petersburg","country":"Russia"}]}]},{"id":"297","firstname":"Robert","surname":"Koch","born":"1843-12-11","died":"1910-05-27","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Clausthal (now Clausthal-Zellerfeld)","diedCountry":"Germany","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Baden-Baden","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1905","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Institute for Infectious Diseases","city":"Berlin","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"298","firstname":"Camillo","surname":"Golgi","born":"1843-07-07","died":"1926-01-21","bornCountry":"Italy","bornCountryCode":"IT","bornCity":"Corteno","diedCountry":"Italy","diedCountryCode":"IT","diedCity":"Pavia","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1906","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Pavia University","city":"Pavia","country":"Italy"}]}]},{"id":"299","firstname":"Santiago","surname":"Ram\u00f3n y Cajal","born":"1852-05-01","died":"1934-10-17","bornCountry":"Spain","bornCountryCode":"ES","bornCity":"Petilla de Arag\u00f3n","diedCountry":"Spain","diedCountryCode":"ES","diedCity":"Madrid","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1906","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Madrid University","city":"Madrid","country":"Spain"}]}]},{"id":"300","firstname":"Alphonse","surname":"Laveran","born":"1845-06-18","died":"1922-05-18","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Paris","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Paris","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1907","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur","city":"Paris","country":"France"}]}]},{"id":"301","firstname":"Ilya","surname":"Mechnikov","born":"1845-05-15","died":"1916-07-15","bornCountry":"Russian Empire (now Ukraine)","bornCountryCode":"UA","bornCity":"Kharkov (now Kharkiv)","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Paris","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1908","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"in recognition of their work on immunity\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur","city":"Paris","country":"France"}]}]},{"id":"302","firstname":"Paul","surname":"Ehrlich","born":"1854-03-14","died":"1915-08-20","bornCountry":"Prussia (now Poland)","bornCountryCode":"PL","bornCity":"Strehlen (now Strzelin)","diedCountry":"Germany","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Bad Homburg vor der H\u00f6he","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1908","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"in recognition of their work on immunity\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Goettingen University","city":"G\u00f6ttingen","country":"Germany"},{"name":"K\u00f6nigliches Institut f\u00fcr experimentelle Therapie (Royal Institute for Experimental Therapy)","city":"Frankfurt-on-the-Main","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"303","firstname":"Theodor","surname":"Kocher","born":"1841-08-25","died":"1917-07-27","bornCountry":"Switzerland","bornCountryCode":"CH","bornCity":"Bern","diedCountry":"Switzerland","diedCountryCode":"CH","diedCity":"Bern","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1909","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Berne University","city":"Bern","country":"Switzerland"}]}]},{"id":"304","firstname":"Albrecht","surname":"Kossel","born":"1853-09-16","died":"1927-07-05","bornCountry":"Mecklenburg (now Germany)","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Rostock","diedCountry":"Germany","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Heidelberg","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1910","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Heidelberg","city":"Heidelberg","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"305","firstname":"Allvar","surname":"Gullstrand","born":"1862-06-05","died":"1930-07-28","bornCountry":"Sweden","bornCountryCode":"SE","bornCity":"Landskrona","diedCountry":"Sweden","diedCountryCode":"SE","diedCity":"Stockholm","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1911","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his work on the dioptrics of the eye\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Uppsala University","city":"Uppsala","country":"Sweden"}]}]},{"id":"306","firstname":"Alexis","surname":"Carrel","born":"1873-06-28","died":"1944-11-05","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Sainte-Foy-l\u00e8s-Lyon","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Paris","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1912","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"307","firstname":"Charles","surname":"Richet","born":"1850-08-26","died":"1935-12-04","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Paris","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Paris","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1913","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Sorbonne University","city":"Paris","country":"France"}]}]},{"id":"308","firstname":"Robert","surname":"B\u00e1r\u00e1ny","born":"1876-04-22","died":"1936-04-08","bornCountry":"Austria","bornCountryCode":"AT","bornCity":"Vienna","diedCountry":"Sweden","diedCountryCode":"SE","diedCity":"Uppsala","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1914","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Vienna University","city":"Vienna","country":"Austria"}]}]},{"id":"309","firstname":"Jules","surname":"Bordet","born":"1870-06-13","died":"1961-04-06","bornCountry":"Belgium","bornCountryCode":"BE","bornCity":"Soignies","diedCountry":"Belgium","diedCountryCode":"BE","diedCity":"Brussels","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1919","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his discoveries relating to immunity\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Brussels University","city":"Brussels","country":"Belgium"}]}]},{"id":"310","firstname":"August","surname":"Krogh","born":"1874-11-15","died":"1949-09-13","bornCountry":"Denmark","bornCountryCode":"DK","bornCity":"Gren\u00e5","diedCountry":"Denmark","diedCountryCode":"DK","diedCity":"Copenhagen","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1920","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Copenhagen University","city":"Copenhagen","country":"Denmark"}]}]},{"id":"311","firstname":"Archibald V.","surname":"Hill","born":"1886-09-26","died":"1977-06-03","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Bristol","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Cambridge","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1922","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle\"","affiliations":[{"name":"London University","city":"London","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"312","firstname":"Otto","surname":"Meyerhof","born":"1884-04-12","died":"1951-10-06","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Hanover","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Philadelphia, PA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1922","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Kiel University","city":"Kiel","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"313","firstname":"Frederick G.","surname":"Banting","born":"1891-11-14","died":"1941-02-21","bornCountry":"Canada","bornCountryCode":"CA","bornCity":"Alliston","diedCountry":"Canada","diedCountryCode":"CA","diedCity":"Newfoundland","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1923","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the discovery of insulin\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Toronto","city":"Toronto","country":"Canada"}]}]},{"id":"314","firstname":"John","surname":"Macleod","born":"1876-09-06","died":"1935-03-16","bornCountry":"Scotland","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Cluny","diedCountry":"Scotland","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Aberdeen","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1923","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the discovery of insulin\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of 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University","city":"Copenhagen","country":"Denmark"}]}]},{"id":"317","firstname":"Julius","surname":"Wagner-Jauregg","born":"1857-03-07","died":"1940-09-27","bornCountry":"Austria","bornCountryCode":"AT","bornCity":"Wels","diedCountry":"Austria","diedCountryCode":"AT","diedCity":"Vienna","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1927","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Vienna University","city":"Vienna","country":"Austria"}]}]},{"id":"318","firstname":"Charles","surname":"Nicolle","born":"1866-09-21","died":"1936-02-28","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Rouen","diedCountry":"Tunisia","diedCountryCode":"TN","diedCity":"Tunis","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1928","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his work on typhus\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur","city":"Tunis","country":"Tunisia"}]}]},{"id":"319","firstname":"Christiaan","surname":"Eijkman","born":"1858-08-11","died":"1930-11-05","bornCountry":"the Netherlands","bornCountryCode":"NL","bornCity":"Nijkerk","diedCountry":"the Netherlands","diedCountryCode":"NL","diedCity":"Utrecht","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1929","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Utrecht University","city":"Utrecht","country":"the Netherlands"}]}]},{"id":"320","firstname":"Sir Frederick","surname":"Hopkins","born":"1861-06-20","died":"1947-05-16","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Eastbourne","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Cambridge","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1929","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Cambridge","city":"Cambridge","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"321","firstname":"Karl","surname":"Landsteiner","born":"1868-06-14","died":"1943-06-26","bornCountry":"Austrian Empire (now Austria)","bornCountryCode":"AT","bornCity":"Vienna","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1930","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his discovery of human blood groups\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"322","firstname":"Otto","surname":"Warburg","born":"1883-10-08","died":"1970-08-01","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Freiburg im Breisgau","diedCountry":"West Germany (now Germany)","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"West Berlin","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1931","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut) f\u00fcr Biologie","city":"Berlin-Dahlem","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"323","firstname":"Sir Charles","surname":"Sherrington","born":"1857-11-27","died":"1952-03-04","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"London","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Eastbourne","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1932","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Oxford","city":"Oxford","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"324","firstname":"Edgar","surname":"Adrian","born":"1889-11-30","died":"1977-08-08","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"London","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Cambridge","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1932","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Cambridge","city":"Cambridge","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"325","firstname":"Thomas H.","surname":"Morgan","born":"1866-09-25","died":"1945-12-04","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Lexington, KY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Pasadena, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1933","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity\"","affiliations":[{"name":"California Institute of Technology (Caltech)","city":"Pasadena, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"326","firstname":"George H.","surname":"Whipple","born":"1878-08-28","died":"1976-02-01","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Ashland, NH","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Rochester, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1934","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Rochester","city":"Rochester, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"327","firstname":"George R.","surname":"Minot","born":"1885-12-02","died":"1950-02-25","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Boston, MA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Brookline, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1934","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Harvard University","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"328","firstname":"William P.","surname":"Murphy","born":"1892-02-06","died":"1987-10-09","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Stoughton, WI","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Brookline, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1934","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Harvard University","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"},{"name":"Peter Brent Brigham Hospital","city":"Boston, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"329","firstname":"Hans","surname":"Spemann","born":"1869-06-27","died":"1941-09-12","bornCountry":"W\u00fcrttemberg (now Germany)","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Stuttgart","diedCountry":"Germany","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Freiburg im Breisgau","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1935","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Freiburg im Breisgau","city":"Breisgau","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"330","firstname":"Sir Henry","surname":"Dale","born":"1875-06-09","died":"1968-07-23","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"London","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Cambridge","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1936","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses\"","affiliations":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research","city":"London","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"331","firstname":"Otto","surname":"Loewi","born":"1873-06-03","died":"1961-12-25","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Frankfurt-on-the-Main","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1936","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Graz University","city":"Graz","country":"Austria"}]}]},{"id":"332","firstname":"Albert","surname":"Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi","born":"1893-09-16","died":"1986-10-22","bornCountry":"Austria-Hungary (now Hungary)","bornCountryCode":"HU","bornCity":"Budapest","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Woods Hole, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1937","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Szeged University","city":"Szeged","country":"Hungary"}]}]},{"id":"333","firstname":"Corneille","surname":"Heymans","born":"1892-03-28","died":"1968-07-18","bornCountry":"Belgium","bornCountryCode":"BE","bornCity":"Ghent","diedCountry":"Belgium","diedCountryCode":"BE","diedCity":"Knokke","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1938","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Ghent University","city":"Ghent","country":"Belgium"}]}]},{"id":"334","firstname":"Gerhard","surname":"Domagk","born":"1895-10-30","died":"1964-04-24","bornCountry":"Germany (now Poland)","bornCountryCode":"PL","bornCity":"Lagow","diedCountry":"West Germany (now Germany)","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Burgberg","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1939","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Munster University","city":"Munster","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"335","firstname":"Henrik","surname":"Dam","born":"1895-02-21","died":"1976-04-17","bornCountry":"Denmark","bornCountryCode":"DK","bornCity":"Copenhagen","diedCountry":"Denmark","diedCountryCode":"DK","diedCity":"Copenhagen","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1943","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his discovery of vitamin K\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute","city":"Copenhagen","country":"Denmark"}]}]},{"id":"336","firstname":"Edward A.","surname":"Doisy","born":"1893-11-13","died":"1986-10-23","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Hume, IL","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"St. Louis, MO","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1943","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Saint Louis University","city":"St. Louis, MO","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"337","firstname":"Joseph","surname":"Erlanger","born":"1874-01-05","died":"1965-12-05","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"San Francisco, CA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"St. Louis, MO","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1944","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Washington University","city":"St. Louis, MO","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"338","firstname":"Herbert S.","surname":"Gasser","born":"1888-07-05","died":"1963-05-11","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Platteville, WI","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1944","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"339","firstname":"Sir Alexander","surname":"Fleming","born":"1881-08-06","died":"1955-03-11","bornCountry":"Scotland","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Lochfield","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"London","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1945","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases\"","affiliations":[{"name":"London University","city":"London","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"340","firstname":"Ernst B.","surname":"Chain","born":"1906-06-19","died":"1979-08-12","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Berlin","diedCountry":"Ireland","diedCountryCode":"IE","diedCity":"Mulrany","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1945","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Oxford","city":"Oxford","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"341","firstname":"Sir Howard","surname":"Florey","born":"1898-09-24","died":"1968-02-21","bornCountry":"Australia","bornCountryCode":"AU","bornCity":"Adelaide","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Oxford","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1945","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Oxford","city":"Oxford","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"342","firstname":"Hermann J.","surname":"Muller","born":"1890-12-21","died":"1967-04-05","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Indianapolis, IN","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1946","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Indiana University","city":"Bloomington, IN","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"343","firstname":"Carl","surname":"Cori","born":"1896-12-05","died":"1984-10-20","bornCountry":"Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic)","bornCountryCode":"CZ","bornCity":"Prague","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Cambridge, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1947","category":"medicine","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Washington University","city":"St. Louis, MO","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"344","firstname":"Gerty","surname":"Cori","born":"1896-08-15","died":"1957-10-26","bornCountry":"Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic)","bornCountryCode":"CZ","bornCity":"Prague","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"St. Louis, MO","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"1947","category":"medicine","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Washington University","city":"St. Louis, MO","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"345","firstname":"Bernardo","surname":"Houssay","born":"1887-04-10","died":"1971-09-21","bornCountry":"Argentina","bornCountryCode":"AR","bornCity":"Buenos Aires","diedCountry":"Argentina","diedCountryCode":"AR","diedCity":"Buenos Aires","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1947","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental (Institute for Biology and Experimental Medicine)","city":"Buenos Aires","country":"Argentina"}]}]},{"id":"346","firstname":"Paul","surname":"M\u00fcller","born":"1899-01-12","died":"1965-10-12","bornCountry":"Switzerland","bornCountryCode":"CH","bornCity":"Olten","diedCountry":"Switzerland","diedCountryCode":"CH","diedCity":"Basel","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1948","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Laboratorium der Farben-Fabriken J.R. Geigy A.G. (Laboratory of the J.R. Geigy Dye-Factory Co.)","city":"Basel","country":"Switzerland"}]}]},{"id":"347","firstname":"Walter","surname":"Hess","born":"1881-03-17","died":"1973-08-12","bornCountry":"Switzerland","bornCountryCode":"CH","bornCity":"Frauenfeld","diedCountry":"Switzerland","diedCountryCode":"CH","diedCity":"Ascona","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1949","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Zurich","city":"Zurich","country":"Switzerland"}]}]},{"id":"348","firstname":"Egas","surname":"Moniz","born":"1874-11-29","died":"1955-12-13","bornCountry":"Portugal","bornCountryCode":"PT","bornCity":"Avanca","diedCountry":"Portugal","diedCountryCode":"PT","diedCity":"Lisbon","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1949","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Lisbon","city":"Lisbon","country":"Portugal"},{"name":"Neurological Institute","city":"Lisbon","country":"Portugal"}]}]},{"id":"349","firstname":"Edward C.","surname":"Kendall","born":"1886-03-08","died":"1972-05-04","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"South Norwalk, CT","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Princeton, NJ","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1950","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic","city":"Rochester, MN","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"350","firstname":"Tadeus","surname":"Reichstein","born":"1897-07-20","died":"1996-08-01","bornCountry":"Poland","bornCountryCode":"PL","bornCity":"Wloclawek","diedCountry":"Switzerland","diedCountryCode":"CH","diedCity":"Basel","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1950","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Basel University","city":"Basel","country":"Switzerland"}]}]},{"id":"351","firstname":"Philip S.","surname":"Hench","born":"1896-02-28","died":"1965-03-30","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Pittsburgh, PA","diedCountry":"Jamaica","diedCountryCode":"JM","diedCity":"Ocho Rios","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1950","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic","city":"Rochester, MN","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"352","firstname":"Max","surname":"Theiler","born":"1899-01-30","died":"1972-08-11","bornCountry":"South Africa","bornCountryCode":"ZA","bornCity":"Pretoria","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"New Haven, CT","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1951","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Laboratories of the Division of Medicine and Public Health, Rockefeller Foundation","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"353","firstname":"Selman A.","surname":"Waksman","born":"1888-07-22","died":"1973-08-16","bornCountry":"Russian Empire (now Ukraine)","bornCountryCode":"UA","bornCity":"Priluka (now Nova Pryluka)","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Hyannis, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1952","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Rutgers University","city":"New Brunswick, NJ","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"354","firstname":"Hans","surname":"Krebs","born":"1900-08-25","died":"1981-11-22","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Hildesheim","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Oxford","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1953","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Sheffield University","city":"Sheffield","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"355","firstname":"Fritz","surname":"Lipmann","born":"1899-06-12","died":"1986-07-24","bornCountry":"Germany (now Russia)","bornCountryCode":"RU","bornCity":"Koenigsberg (now Kaliningrad)","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Poughkeepsie, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1953","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School","city":"Boston, MA","country":"USA"},{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","city":"Boston, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"356","firstname":"John F.","surname":"Enders","born":"1897-02-10","died":"1985-09-08","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"West Hartford, CT","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Waterford, CT","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1954","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School","city":"Boston, MA","country":"USA"},{"name":"Research Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Medical Center","city":"Boston, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"357","firstname":"Thomas H.","surname":"Weller","born":"1915-06-15","died":"2008-08-23","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Ann Arbor, MI","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Needham, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1954","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Research Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Medical Center","city":"Boston, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"358","firstname":"Frederick C.","surname":"Robbins","born":"1916-08-25","died":"2003-08-04","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Auburn, AL","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Cleveland, OH","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1954","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Western Reserve University","city":"Cleveland, OH","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"359","firstname":"Hugo","surname":"Theorell","born":"1903-07-06","died":"1982-08-15","bornCountry":"Sweden","bornCountryCode":"SE","bornCity":"Link\u00f6ping","diedCountry":"Sweden","diedCountryCode":"SE","diedCity":"Stockholm","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1955","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Karolinska Institutet, Nobel Medical Institute","city":"Stockholm","country":"Sweden"}]}]},{"id":"360","firstname":"Andr\u00e9 F.","surname":"Cournand","born":"1895-09-24","died":"1988-02-19","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Paris","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Great Barrington, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1956","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Columbia University Division, Cardio-Pulmonary Laboratory, Bellevue Hospital","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"361","firstname":"Werner","surname":"Forssmann","born":"1904-08-29","died":"1979-06-01","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Berlin","diedCountry":"West Germany (now Germany)","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Schopfheim","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1956","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Mainz University","city":"Mainz","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"362","firstname":"Dickinson W.","surname":"Richards","born":"1895-10-30","died":"1973-02-23","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Orange, NJ","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Lakeville, CT","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1956","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Columbia University","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"363","firstname":"Daniel","surname":"Bovet","born":"1907-03-23","died":"1992-04-08","bornCountry":"Switzerland","bornCountryCode":"CH","bornCity":"Neuch\u00e2tel","diedCountry":"Italy","diedCountryCode":"IT","diedCity":"Rome","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1957","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 (Chief Institute of Public Health)","city":"Rome","country":"Italy"}]}]},{"id":"364","firstname":"George","surname":"Beadle","born":"1903-10-22","died":"1989-06-09","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Wahoo, NE","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Pomona, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1958","category":"medicine","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events\"","affiliations":[{"name":"California Institute of Technology (Caltech)","city":"Pasadena, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"365","firstname":"Edward","surname":"Tatum","born":"1909-12-14","died":"1975-11-05","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Boulder, CO","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1958","category":"medicine","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their discovery that genes 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Medicine","city":"Baltimore, MD","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"416","firstname":"Hamilton O.","surname":"Smith","born":"1931-08-23","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1978","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine","city":"Baltimore, MD","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"417","firstname":"Allan M.","surname":"Cormack","born":"1924-02-23","died":"1998-05-07","bornCountry":"South Africa","bornCountryCode":"ZA","bornCity":"Johannesburg","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Winchester, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1979","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the development of computer assisted tomography\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Tufts University","city":"Medford, 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reactions\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School","city":"Boston, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"420","firstname":"Jean","surname":"Dausset","born":"1916-10-19","died":"2009-06-06","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Toulouse","diedCountry":"Spain","diedCountryCode":"ES","diedCity":"Palma, Majorca","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1980","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Paris, Laboratoire Immuno-H\u00e9matologie","city":"Paris","country":"France"}]}]},{"id":"421","firstname":"George D.","surname":"Snell","born":"1903-12-19","died":"1996-06-06","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Bradford, MA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Bar Harbor, 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H.","surname":"Hubel","born":"1926-02-27","died":"2013-09-22","bornCountry":"Canada","bornCountryCode":"CA","bornCity":"Windsor, ON","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Lincoln, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1981","category":"medicine","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School","city":"Boston, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"424","firstname":"Torsten N.","surname":"Wiesel","born":"1924-06-03","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Sweden","bornCountryCode":"SE","bornCity":"Uppsala","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1981","category":"medicine","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School","city":"Boston, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"425","firstname":"Sune K.","surname":"Bergstr\u00f6m","born":"1916-01-10","died":"2004-08-15","bornCountry":"Sweden","bornCountryCode":"SE","bornCity":"Stockholm","diedCountry":"Sweden","diedCountryCode":"SE","diedCity":"Stockholm","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1982","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Karolinska Institutet","city":"Stockholm","country":"Sweden"}]}]},{"id":"426","firstname":"Bengt I.","surname":"Samuelsson","born":"1934-05-21","died":"2024-07-05","bornCountry":"Sweden","bornCountryCode":"SE","bornCity":"Halmstad","diedCountry":"Sweden","diedCountryCode":"SE","diedCity":"M\u00f6lle","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1982","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Karolinska 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elements\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","city":"Cold Spring Harbor, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"429","firstname":"Niels K.","surname":"Jerne","born":"1911-12-23","died":"1994-10-07","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"London","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Castillon-du-Gard","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1984","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Basel Institute for Immunology","city":"Basel","country":"Switzerland"}]}]},{"id":"430","firstname":"Georges J.F.","surname":"K\u00f6hler","born":"1946-04-17","died":"1995-03-01","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Munich","diedCountry":"Germany","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Freiburg im Breisgau","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1984","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Basel Institute for Immunology","city":"Basel","country":"Switzerland"}]}]},{"id":"431","firstname":"C\u00e9sar","surname":"Milstein","born":"1927-10-08","died":"2002-03-24","bornCountry":"Argentina","bornCountryCode":"AR","bornCity":"Bahia Blanca","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Cambridge","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1984","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies\"","affiliations":[{"name":"MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology","city":"Cambridge","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"432","firstname":"Michael S.","surname":"Brown","born":"1941-04-13","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1985","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas","city":"Dallas, TX","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"433","firstname":"Joseph L.","surname":"Goldstein","born":"1940-04-18","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Sumter, SC","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1985","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas","city":"Dallas, TX","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"434","firstname":"Stanley","surname":"Cohen","born":"1922-11-17","died":"2020-02-05","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Brooklyn, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Nashville, TN","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1986","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries of growth factors\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University School of Medicine","city":"Nashville, TN","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"435","firstname":"Rita","surname":"Levi-Montalcini","born":"1909-04-22","died":"2012-12-30","bornCountry":"Italy","bornCountryCode":"IT","bornCity":"Turin","diedCountry":"Italy","diedCountryCode":"IT","diedCity":"Rome","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"1986","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries of growth factors\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Institute of Cell Biology of the 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B.","surname":"Elion","born":"1918-01-23","died":"1999-02-21","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Chapel Hill, NC","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"1988","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Wellcome Research Laboratories","city":"Research Triangle Park, NC","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"439","firstname":"George H.","surname":"Hitchings","born":"1905-04-18","died":"1998-02-27","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Hoquiam, WA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Chapel Hill, NC","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1988","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Wellcome Research Laboratories","city":"Research Triangle Park, 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Michael","surname":"Bishop","born":"1936-02-22","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"York, PA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1989","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California School of Medicine","city":"San Francisco, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"441","firstname":"Harold E.","surname":"Varmus","born":"1939-12-18","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Oceanside, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1989","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California School of Medicine","city":"San Francisco, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"442","firstname":"Joseph E.","surname":"Murray","born":"1919-04-01","died":"2012-11-26","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Milford, MA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Boston, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1990","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital","city":"Boston, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"443","firstname":"E. Donnall","surname":"Thomas","born":"1920-03-15","died":"2012-10-20","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Mart, TX","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Seattle, WA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1990","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center","city":"Seattle, WA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"444","firstname":"Erwin","surname":"Neher","born":"1944-03-20","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Landsberg","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1991","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Biophysikalische Chemie","city":"G\u00f6ttingen","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"445","firstname":"Bert","surname":"Sakmann","born":"1942-06-12","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Stuttgart","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1991","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr medizinische Forschung","city":"Heidelberg","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"446","firstname":"Edmond H.","surname":"Fischer","born":"1920-04-06","died":"2021-08-27","bornCountry":"China","bornCountryCode":"CN","bornCity":"Shanghai","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Seattle, WA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1992","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Washington","city":"Seattle, WA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"447","firstname":"Edwin G.","surname":"Krebs","born":"1918-06-06","died":"2009-12-21","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Lansing, IA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Seattle, WA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1992","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Washington","city":"Seattle, WA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"448","firstname":"Richard J.","surname":"Roberts","born":"1943-09-06","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Derby","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1993","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries of split genes\"","affiliations":[{"name":"New England Biolabs","city":"Beverly, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"449","firstname":"Phillip A.","surname":"Sharp","born":"1944-06-06","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Falmouth, KY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1993","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries of split genes\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Center for Cancer Research","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"450","firstname":"Alfred G.","surname":"Gilman","born":"1941-07-01","died":"2015-12-23","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New Haven, CT","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Dallas, TX","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1994","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas","city":"Dallas, TX","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"451","firstname":"Martin","surname":"Rodbell","born":"1925-12-01","died":"1998-12-07","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Baltimore, MD","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Chapel Hill, NC","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1994","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells\"","affiliations":[{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","city":"Research Triangle Park, NC","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"452","firstname":"Edward B.","surname":"Lewis","born":"1918-05-20","died":"2004-07-21","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Wilkes-Barre, PA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Pasadena, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1995","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development\"","affiliations":[{"name":"California Institute of Technology (Caltech)","city":"Pasadena, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"453","firstname":"Christiane","surname":"N\u00fcsslein-Volhard","born":"1942-10-20","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Magdeburg","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"1995","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Entwicklungsbiologie","city":"T\u00fcbingen","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"454","firstname":"Eric F.","surname":"Wieschaus","born":"1947-06-08","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"South Bend, IN","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1995","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Princeton University","city":"Princeton, NJ","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"455","firstname":"Peter C.","surname":"Doherty","born":"1940-10-15","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Australia","bornCountryCode":"AU","bornCity":"Brisbane","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1996","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence\"","affiliations":[{"name":"St. Jude Children's Research Hospital","city":"Memphis, TN","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"456","firstname":"Rolf M.","surname":"Zinkernagel","born":"1944-01-06","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Switzerland","bornCountryCode":"CH","bornCity":"Basel","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1996","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Zurich, Institute of Experimental Immunology","city":"Zurich","country":"Switzerland"}]}]},{"id":"457","firstname":"Stanley B.","surname":"Prusiner","born":"1942-05-28","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Des Moines, IA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1997","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California School of Medicine","city":"San Francisco, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"458","firstname":"Robert F.","surname":"Furchgott","born":"1916-06-04","died":"2009-05-19","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Charleston, SC","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Seattle, WA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1998","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system\"","affiliations":[{"name":"SUNY Health Science 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arbitration\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"464","firstname":"\u00c9lie","surname":"Ducommun","born":"1833-02-19","died":"1906-12-07","bornCountry":"Switzerland","bornCountryCode":"CH","bornCity":"Geneva","diedCountry":"Switzerland","diedCountryCode":"CH","diedCity":"Bern","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1902","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his untiring and skilful directorship of the Bern Peace Bureau\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"465","firstname":"Albert","surname":"Gobat","born":"1843-05-21","died":"1914-03-16","bornCountry":"Switzerland","bornCountryCode":"CH","bornCity":"Tramelan","diedCountry":"Switzerland","diedCountryCode":"CH","diedCity":"Bern","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1902","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his eminently practical administration of the Inter-Parliamentary Union\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"466","firstname":"Randal","surname":"Cremer","born":"1828-03-18","died":"1908-07-22","bornCountry":"United 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Pontus","surname":"Arnoldson","born":"1844-10-27","died":"1916-02-20","bornCountry":"Sweden","bornCountryCode":"SE","bornCity":"Gothenburg","diedCountry":"Sweden","diedCountryCode":"SE","diedCity":"Stockholm","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1908","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their long time work for the cause of peace as politicians, peace society leaders, orators and authors\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"474","firstname":"Fredrik","surname":"Bajer","born":"1837-04-21","died":"1922-01-22","bornCountry":"Denmark","bornCountryCode":"DK","bornCity":"N\u00e6stved","diedCountry":"Denmark","diedCountryCode":"DK","diedCity":"Copenhagen","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1908","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their long time work for the cause of peace as politicians, peace society leaders, orators and authors\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"475","firstname":"Auguste","surname":"Beernaert","born":"1829-07-26","died":"1912-10-06","bornCountry":"Belgium","bornCountryCode":"BE","bornCity":"Ostend","diedCountry":"Switzerland","diedCountryCode":"CH","diedCity":"Lucerne","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1909","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their prominent position in the international movement for peace and arbitration\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"476","firstname":"Paul Henri","surname":"d'Estournelles de Constant","born":"1852-11-22","died":"1924-05-15","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"La Fl\u00e8che","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Paris","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1909","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their prominent position in the international movement for peace and arbitration\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"477","firstname":"Permanent International Peace Bureau","born":"1891-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","gender":"org","prizes":[{"year":"1910","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for acting as a link between the peace societies of the various countries, and helping them to organize the world rallies of the international peace movement\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"478","firstname":"Tobias","surname":"Asser","born":"1838-04-28","died":"1913-07-29","bornCountry":"the Netherlands","bornCountryCode":"NL","bornCity":"Amsterdam","diedCountry":"the Netherlands","diedCountryCode":"NL","diedCity":"the Hague","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1911","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his role as co-founder of the Institut de droit international, initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law (Conf\u00e9rences de Droit international priv\u00e9) at the Hague, and pioneer in the field of international legal relations\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"479","firstname":"Alfred","surname":"Fried","born":"1864-11-11","died":"1921-05-04","bornCountry":"Austria","bornCountryCode":"AT","bornCity":"Vienna","diedCountry":"Austria","diedCountryCode":"AT","diedCity":"Vienna","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1911","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his effort to expose and fight what he considers to be the main cause of war, namely, the anarchy in international relations\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"480","firstname":"Elihu","surname":"Root","born":"1845-02-15","died":"1937-02-07","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Clinton, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1912","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for bringing about better understanding between the countries of North and South America and initiating important arbitration agreements between the United States and other countries\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"481","firstname":"Henri","surname":"La Fontaine","born":"1854-04-22","died":"1943-05-14","bornCountry":"Belgium","bornCountryCode":"BE","bornCity":"Brussels","diedCountry":"Belgium","diedCountryCode":"BE","diedCity":"Brussels","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1913","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his unparalleled contribution to the organization of peaceful internationalism\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"482","firstname":"International Committee of the Red Cross","born":"1863-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","gender":"org","prizes":[{"year":"1917","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the efforts to take care of wounded soldiers and prisoners of war and their families\"","affiliations":[[]]},{"year":"1944","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the great work it has performed during the war on behalf of humanity\"","affiliations":[[]]},{"year":"1963","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for promoting the principles of the Geneva Convention and cooperation with the UN\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"483","firstname":"Woodrow","surname":"Wilson","born":"1856-12-28","died":"1924-02-03","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Staunton, VA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Washington, D.C.","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1919","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his role as founder of the League of Nations\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"484","firstname":"L\u00e9on","surname":"Bourgeois","born":"1851-05-21","died":"1925-09-29","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Paris","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"\u00c9pernay","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1920","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his longstanding contribution to the cause of peace and justice and his prominent role in the establishment of the League of Nations\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"485","firstname":"Hjalmar","surname":"Branting","born":"1860-11-23","died":"1925-02-24","bornCountry":"Sweden","bornCountryCode":"SE","bornCity":"Stockholm","diedCountry":"Sweden","diedCountryCode":"SE","diedCity":"Stockholm","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1921","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their lifelong contributions to the cause of peace and organized internationalism\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"486","firstname":"Christian","surname":"Lange","born":"1869-09-17","died":"1938-12-11","bornCountry":"Norway","bornCountryCode":"NO","bornCity":"Stavanger","diedCountry":"Norway","diedCountryCode":"NO","diedCity":"Oslo","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1921","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their lifelong contributions to the cause of peace and organized internationalism\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"487","firstname":"Fridtjof","surname":"Nansen","born":"1861-10-10","died":"1930-05-13","bornCountry":"Norway","bornCountryCode":"NO","bornCity":"Kristiania (now Oslo)","diedCountry":"Norway","diedCountryCode":"NO","diedCity":"Oslo","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1922","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his leading role in the repatriation of prisoners of war, in international relief work and as the League of Nations' High Commissioner for refugees\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"488","firstname":"Sir Austen","surname":"Chamberlain","born":"1863-10-16","died":"1937-03-16","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Birmingham","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"London","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1925","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaty\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"489","firstname":"Charles G.","surname":"Dawes","born":"1865-08-27","died":"1951-04-23","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Marietta, OH","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Evanston, IL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1925","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his crucial role in bringing about the Dawes Plan\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"490","firstname":"Aristide","surname":"Briand","born":"1862-03-28","died":"1932-03-07","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Nantes","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Paris","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1926","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaty\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"491","firstname":"Gustav","surname":"Stresemann","born":"1878-05-10","died":"1929-10-03","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Berlin","diedCountry":"Germany","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Berlin","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1926","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaty\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"492","firstname":"Ferdinand","surname":"Buisson","born":"1841-12-20","died":"1932-02-16","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Paris","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Thieuloy-Saint-Antoine","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1927","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their contribution to the emergence in France and Germany of a public opinion which favours peaceful international cooperation\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"493","firstname":"Ludwig","surname":"Quidde","born":"1858-03-23","died":"1941-03-04","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Bremen","diedCountry":"Switzerland","diedCountryCode":"CH","diedCity":"Geneva","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1927","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their contribution to the emergence in France and Germany of a public opinion which favours peaceful international cooperation\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"494","firstname":"Frank B.","surname":"Kellogg","born":"1856-12-22","died":"1937-12-21","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Potsdam, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"St. Paul, MN","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1929","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his crucial role in bringing about the Briand-Kellogg Pact\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"495","firstname":"Nathan","surname":"S\u00f6derblom","born":"1866-01-15","died":"1931-07-12","bornCountry":"Sweden","bornCountryCode":"SE","bornCity":"Tr\u00f6n\u00f6","diedCountry":"Sweden","diedCountryCode":"SE","diedCity":"Uppsala","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1930","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for promoting Christian unity and helping create 'that new attitude of mind which is necessary if peace between nations is to become reality'\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"496","firstname":"Jane","surname":"Addams","born":"1860-09-06","died":"1935-05-21","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Cedarville, IL","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Chicago, IL","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"1931","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their assiduous effort to revive the ideal of peace and to rekindle the spirit of peace in their own nation and in the whole of mankind\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"497","firstname":"Nicholas Murray","surname":"Butler","born":"1862-04-02","died":"1947-12-07","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Elizabeth, NJ","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1931","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their assiduous effort to revive the ideal of peace and to rekindle the spirit of peace in their own nation and in the whole of mankind\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Columbia University","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"498","firstname":"Sir Norman","surname":"Angell","born":"1872-12-26","died":"1967-10-07","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Holbeach","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Croydon","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1933","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for having exposed by his pen the illusion of war and presented a convincing plea for international cooperation and peace\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"499","firstname":"Arthur","surname":"Henderson","born":"1863-09-13","died":"1935-10-20","bornCountry":"Scotland","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Glasgow","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"London","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1934","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his untiring struggle and his courageous efforts as Chairman of the League of Nations Disarmament Conference 1931-34\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"500","firstname":"Carl","surname":"von Ossietzky","born":"1889-10-03","died":"1938-05-04","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Hamburg","diedCountry":"Germany","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Berlin","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1935","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his burning love for freedom of thought and expression and his valuable contribution to the cause of peace\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"501","firstname":"Carlos","surname":"Saavedra Lamas","born":"1878-11-01","died":"1959-05-05","bornCountry":"Argentina","bornCountryCode":"AR","bornCity":"Buenos Aires","diedCountry":"Argentina","diedCountryCode":"AR","diedCity":"Buenos Aires","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1936","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his role as father of the Argentine Antiwar Pact of 1933, which he also used as a means to mediate peace between Paraguay and Bolivia in 1935\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"502","firstname":"Robert","surname":"Cecil","born":"1864-09-14","died":"1958-11-24","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"London","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Tunbridge Wells","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1937","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his tireless effort in support of the League of Nations, disarmament and peace\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"503","firstname":"Nansen International Office for Refugees","born":"1921-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","gender":"org","prizes":[{"year":"1938","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for having carried on the work of Fridtjof Nansen to the benefit of refugees across Europe\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"505","firstname":"Cordell","surname":"Hull","born":"1871-10-02","died":"1955-07-23","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Olympus, TN","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Bethesda, MD","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1945","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his indefatigable work for international understanding and his pivotal role in establishing the United Nations\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"506","firstname":"Emily Greene","surname":"Balch","born":"1867-01-08","died":"1961-01-09","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Jamaica Plain, MA (now Boston, MA)","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Cambridge, MA","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"1946","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for her lifelong work for the cause of peace\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"507","firstname":"John R.","surname":"Mott","born":"1865-05-25","died":"1955-01-31","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Livingston Manor, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1946","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his contribution to the creation of a peace-promoting religious brotherhood across national boundaries\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"508","firstname":"Friends Service Council","born":"1647-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","gender":"org","prizes":[{"year":"1947","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their pioneering work in the international peace movement and compassionate effort to relieve human suffering, thereby promoting the fraternity between nations\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"509","firstname":"American Friends Service Committee","born":"1917-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","gender":"org","prizes":[{"year":"1947","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their pioneering work in the international peace movement and compassionate effort to relieve human suffering, thereby promoting the fraternity between nations\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"510","firstname":"John","surname":"Boyd Orr","born":"1880-09-23","died":"1971-06-25","bornCountry":"Scotland","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Kilmaurs","diedCountry":"Scotland","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Edzell","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1949","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his lifelong effort to conquer hunger and want, thereby helping to remove a major cause of military conflict and war\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"511","firstname":"Ralph","surname":"Bunche","born":"1904-08-07","died":"1971-12-09","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Detroit, MI","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1950","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his work as mediator in Palestine in 1948-1949\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Harvard University","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"512","firstname":"L\u00e9on","surname":"Jouhaux","born":"1879-07-01","died":"1954-04-28","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Paris","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Paris","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1951","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for having devoted his life to the fight against war through the promotion of social justice and brotherhood among men and nations\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"513","firstname":"Albert","surname":"Schweitzer","born":"1875-01-14","died":"1965-09-04","bornCountry":"Germany (now France)","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Kaysersberg","diedCountry":"Gabon","diedCountryCode":"GA","diedCity":"Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1952","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his altruism, reverence for life, and tireless humanitarian work which has helped making the idea of brotherhood between men and nations a living one\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"514","firstname":"George C.","surname":"Marshall","born":"1880-12-31","died":"1959-10-16","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Uniontown, PA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Washington, D.C.","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1953","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for proposing and supervising the plan for the economic recovery of Europe\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"515","firstname":"Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees","born":"1950-12-14","died":"0000-00-00","gender":"org","prizes":[{"year":"1954","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for its efforts to heal the wounds of war by providing help and protection to refugees all over the world\"","affiliations":[[]]},{"year":"1981","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for promoting the fundamental rights of refugees\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"516","firstname":"Lester Bowles","surname":"Pearson","born":"1897-04-23","died":"1972-12-27","bornCountry":"Canada","bornCountryCode":"CA","bornCity":"Toronto","diedCountry":"Canada","diedCountryCode":"CA","diedCity":"Ottawa","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1957","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his crucial contribution to the deployment of a United Nations Emergency Force in the wake of the Suez Crisis\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"517","firstname":"Georges","surname":"Pire","born":"1910-02-10","died":"1969-01-30","bornCountry":"Belgium","bornCountryCode":"BE","bornCity":"Dinant","diedCountry":"Belgium","diedCountryCode":"BE","diedCity":"Leuven","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1958","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his efforts to help refugees to leave their camps and return to a life of freedom and dignity\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"518","firstname":"Philip","surname":"Noel-Baker","born":"1889-11-01","died":"1982-10-08","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"London","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"London","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1959","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his longstanding contribution to the cause of disarmament and peace\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"519","firstname":"Albert","surname":"Lutuli","born":"1898-00-00","died":"1967-07-21","bornCountry":"Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe)","bornCountryCode":"ZW","bornCity":"Bulawayo","diedCountry":"South Africa","diedCountryCode":"ZA","diedCity":"Stanger","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1960","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his non-violent struggle against apartheid\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"520","firstname":"Dag","surname":"Hammarskj\u00f6ld","born":"1905-07-29","died":"1961-09-18","bornCountry":"Sweden","bornCountryCode":"SE","bornCity":"J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping","diedCountry":"Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia)","diedCountryCode":"ZM","diedCity":"Ndola","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1961","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for developing the UN into an effective and constructive international organization, capable of giving life to the principles and aims expressed in the UN Charter\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"523","firstname":"League of Red Cross Societies","born":"1919-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","gender":"org","prizes":[{"year":"1963","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for promoting the principles of the Geneva Convention and cooperation with the UN\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"524","firstname":"Martin Luther","surname":"King Jr.","born":"1929-01-15","died":"1968-04-04","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Atlanta, GA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Memphis, TN","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1964","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his non-violent struggle for civil rights for the Afro-American population\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"525","firstname":"United Nations Children's Fund","born":"1946-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","gender":"org","prizes":[{"year":"1965","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for its effort to enhance solidarity between nations and reduce the difference between rich and poor states\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"526","firstname":"Ren\u00e9","surname":"Cassin","born":"1887-10-05","died":"1976-02-20","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Bayonne","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Paris","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1968","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his struggle to ensure the rights of man as stipulated in the UN Declaration\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"527","firstname":"International Labour Organization","born":"1919-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","gender":"org","prizes":[{"year":"1969","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for creating international legislation insuring certain norms for working conditions in every country\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"528","firstname":"Norman","surname":"Borlaug","born":"1914-03-25","died":"2009-09-12","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Cresco, IA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Dallas, TX","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1970","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for having given a well-founded hope - the green revolution\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"529","firstname":"Willy","surname":"Brandt","born":"1913-12-18","died":"1992-10-08","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"L\u00fcbeck","diedCountry":"Germany","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Unkel","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1971","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for paving the way for a meaningful dialogue between East and West\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"530","firstname":"Henry","surname":"Kissinger","born":"1923-05-27","died":"2023-11-29","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"F\u00fcrth","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Kent, CT","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1973","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for jointly having negotiated a cease fire in Vietnam in 1973\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"531","firstname":"Le Duc Tho","born":"1911-10-14","died":"1990-10-13","bornCountry":"Vietnam","bornCountryCode":"VN","bornCity":"Nam Ha province","diedCountry":"Vietnam","diedCountryCode":"VN","diedCity":"Hanoi","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1973","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for jointly having negotiated a cease fire in Vietnam in 1973\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"532","firstname":"Se\u00e1n","surname":"MacBride","born":"1904-01-26","died":"1988-01-15","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Paris","diedCountry":"Ireland","diedCountryCode":"IE","diedCity":"Dublin","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1974","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his efforts to secure and develop human rights throughout the world\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"533","firstname":"Eisaku","surname":"Sat\u014d","born":"1901-03-27","died":"1975-06-03","bornCountry":"Japan","bornCountryCode":"JP","bornCity":"Tabuse","diedCountry":"Japan","diedCountryCode":"JP","diedCity":"Tokyo","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1974","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his contribution to stabilize conditions in the Pacific rim area and for signing the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"534","firstname":"Andrei","surname":"Sakharov","born":"1921-05-21","died":"1989-12-14","bornCountry":"Russia","bornCountryCode":"RU","bornCity":"Moscow","diedCountry":"USSR (now Russia)","diedCountryCode":"RU","diedCity":"Moscow","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1975","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his struggle for human rights in the Soviet Union, for disarmament and cooperation between all nations\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"535","firstname":"Betty","surname":"Williams","born":"1943-05-22","died":"2020-03-17","bornCountry":"Northern Ireland","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Belfast","diedCountry":"Northern Ireland","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Belfast","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"1976","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the courageous efforts in founding a movement to put an end to the violent conflict in Northern Ireland\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"536","firstname":"Mairead","surname":"Corrigan","born":"1944-01-27","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Northern Ireland","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Belfast","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"1976","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the courageous efforts in founding a movement to put an end to the violent conflict in Northern Ireland\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"537","firstname":"Amnesty International","born":"1961-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","gender":"org","prizes":[{"year":"1977","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for worldwide respect for human rights\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"538","firstname":"Anwar","surname":"al-Sadat","born":"1918-12-25","died":"1981-10-06","bornCountry":"Egypt","bornCountryCode":"EG","bornCity":"Mit Abu al-Kawm","diedCountry":"Egypt","diedCountryCode":"EG","diedCity":"Cairo","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1978","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for jointly having negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel in 1978\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"539","firstname":"Menachem","surname":"Begin","born":"1913-08-16","died":"1992-03-09","bornCountry":"Russian Empire (now Belarus)","bornCountryCode":"BY","bornCity":"Brest Litovsk","diedCountry":"Israel","diedCountryCode":"IL","diedCity":"Tel Aviv","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1978","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for jointly having negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel in 1978\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"540","firstname":"Anjez\u00eb Gonxhe","surname":"Bojaxhiu","born":"1910-08-26","died":"1997-09-05","bornCountry":"Ottoman Empire (now North Macedonia)","bornCountryCode":"MK","bornCity":"Uskup (now Skopje)","diedCountry":"India","diedCountryCode":"IN","diedCity":"Calcutta","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"1979","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for her work for bringing help to suffering humanity\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"541","firstname":"Adolfo","surname":"P\u00e9rez Esquivel","born":"1931-11-26","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Argentina","bornCountryCode":"AR","bornCity":"Buenos Aires","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1980","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for being a source of inspiration to repressed people, especially in Latin 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his monumental work, <I>A history of Rome<\/I>\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"572","firstname":"Bj\u00f8rnstjerne","surname":"Bj\u00f8rnson","born":"1832-12-08","died":"1910-04-26","bornCountry":"Norway","bornCountryCode":"NO","bornCity":"Kvikne","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Paris","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1903","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"573","firstname":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","surname":"Mistral","born":"1830-09-08","died":"1914-03-25","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Maillane","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Maillane","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1904","category":"literature","share":"2","motivation":"\"in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration 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Okrzejska","diedCountry":"Switzerland","diedCountryCode":"CH","diedCity":"Vevey","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1905","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"576","firstname":"Giosu\u00e8","surname":"Carducci","born":"1835-07-27","died":"1907-02-16","bornCountry":"Tuscany (now Italy)","bornCountryCode":"IT","bornCity":"Val di Castello","diedCountry":"Italy","diedCountryCode":"IT","diedCity":"Bologna","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1906","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"577","firstname":"Rudyard","surname":"Kipling","born":"1865-12-30","died":"1936-01-18","bornCountry":"British India (now 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Poland)","diedCountryCode":"PL","diedCity":"Agnetendorf (now Jagniatk\u00f3w)","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1912","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"583","firstname":"Rabindranath","surname":"Tagore","born":"1861-05-07","died":"1941-08-07","bornCountry":"India","bornCountryCode":"IN","bornCity":"Calcutta","diedCountry":"India","diedCountryCode":"IN","diedCity":"Calcutta","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1913","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"584","firstname":"Romain","surname":"Rolland","born":"1866-01-29","died":"1944-12-30","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Clamecy","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"V\u00e9zelay","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1915","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"585","firstname":"Verner","surname":"von Heidenstam","born":"1859-07-06","died":"1940-05-20","bornCountry":"Sweden","bornCountryCode":"SE","bornCity":"Olshammar","diedCountry":"Sweden","diedCountryCode":"SE","diedCity":"\u00d6vralid","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1916","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our 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Bernard","surname":"Shaw","born":"1856-07-26","died":"1950-11-02","bornCountry":"Ireland","bornCountryCode":"IE","bornCity":"Dublin","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Ayot St. Lawrence","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1925","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"597","firstname":"Grazia","surname":"Deledda","born":"1871-09-27","died":"1936-08-15","bornCountry":"Italy","bornCountryCode":"IT","bornCity":"Nuoro, Sardinia","diedCountry":"Italy","diedCountryCode":"IT","diedCity":"Rome","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"1926","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in 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Ages\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"602","firstname":"Thomas","surname":"Mann","born":"1875-06-06","died":"1955-08-12","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"L\u00fcbeck","diedCountry":"Switzerland","diedCountryCode":"CH","diedCity":"Zurich","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1929","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"principally for his great novel, <I>Buddenbrooks<\/I>, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"603","firstname":"Sinclair","surname":"Lewis","born":"1885-02-07","died":"1951-01-10","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Sauk Centre, MN","diedCountry":"Italy","diedCountryCode":"IT","diedCity":"Rome","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1930","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"604","firstname":"Erik Axel","surname":"Karlfeldt","born":"1864-07-20","died":"1931-04-08","bornCountry":"Sweden","bornCountryCode":"SE","bornCity":"Karlbo","diedCountry":"Sweden","diedCountryCode":"SE","diedCity":"Stockholm","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1931","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"605","firstname":"John","surname":"Galsworthy","born":"1867-08-14","died":"1933-01-31","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Kingston Hill","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"London","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1932","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in <I>The Forsyte Saga<\/I>\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"606","firstname":"Ivan","surname":"Bunin","born":"1870-10-22","died":"1953-11-08","bornCountry":"Russia","bornCountryCode":"RU","bornCity":"Voronezh","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Paris","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1933","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"607","firstname":"Luigi","surname":"Pirandello","born":"1867-06-28","died":"1936-12-10","bornCountry":"Italy","bornCountryCode":"IT","bornCity":"Agrigento, Sicily","diedCountry":"Italy","diedCountryCode":"IT","diedCity":"Rome","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1934","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"608","firstname":"Eugene","surname":"O'Neill","born":"1888-10-16","died":"1953-11-27","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Boston, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1936","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"609","firstname":"Roger","surname":"Martin du Gard","born":"1881-03-23","died":"1958-08-22","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Neuilly-sur-Seine","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Bell\u00eame","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1937","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle <I>Les Thibault<\/I>\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"610","firstname":"Pearl","surname":"Buck","born":"1892-06-26","died":"1973-03-06","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Hillsboro, WV","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Danby, VT","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"1938","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"613","firstname":"Frans Eemil","surname":"Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4","born":"1888-09-16","died":"1964-06-03","bornCountry":"Russian Empire (now Finland)","bornCountryCode":"FI","bornCity":"H\u00e4meenkyr\u00f6","diedCountry":"Finland","diedCountryCode":"FI","diedCity":"Helsinki","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1939","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"614","firstname":"Johannes V.","surname":"Jensen","born":"1873-01-20","died":"1950-11-25","bornCountry":"Denmark","bornCountryCode":"DK","bornCity":"Fars\u00f8","diedCountry":"Denmark","diedCountryCode":"DK","diedCity":"Copenhagen","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1944","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"615","firstname":"Gabriela","surname":"Mistral","born":"1889-04-07","died":"1957-01-10","bornCountry":"Chile","bornCountryCode":"CL","bornCity":"Vicu\u00f1a","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Hempstead, NY","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"1945","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"617","firstname":"Hermann","surname":"Hesse","born":"1877-07-02","died":"1962-08-09","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Calw","diedCountry":"Switzerland","diedCountryCode":"CH","diedCity":"Montagnola","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1946","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"618","firstname":"Andr\u00e9","surname":"Gide","born":"1869-11-22","died":"1951-02-19","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Paris","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Paris","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1947","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"619","firstname":"T.S.","surname":"Eliot","born":"1888-09-26","died":"1965-01-04","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"St. Louis, MO","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"London","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1948","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"620","firstname":"William","surname":"Faulkner","born":"1897-09-25","died":"1962-07-06","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New Albany, MS","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Byhalia, MS","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1949","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"621","firstname":"Bertrand","surname":"Russell","born":"1872-05-18","died":"1970-02-02","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Trelleck","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Penrhyndeudraeth","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1950","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"622","firstname":"P\u00e4r","surname":"Lagerkvist","born":"1891-05-23","died":"1974-07-11","bornCountry":"Sweden","bornCountryCode":"SE","bornCity":"V\u00e4xj\u00f6","diedCountry":"Sweden","diedCountryCode":"SE","diedCity":"Stockholm","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1951","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"623","firstname":"Fran\u00e7ois","surname":"Mauriac","born":"1885-10-11","died":"1970-09-01","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Bordeaux","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Paris","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1952","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"624","firstname":"Winston","surname":"Churchill","born":"1874-11-30","died":"1965-01-24","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Woodstock","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"London","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1953","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"625","firstname":"Ernest","surname":"Hemingway","born":"1899-07-21","died":"1961-07-02","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Oak Park, IL","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Ketchum, ID","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1954","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in <I>The Old Man and the Sea,<\/I> and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"626","firstname":"Halld\u00f3r","surname":"Laxness","born":"1902-04-23","died":"1998-02-08","bornCountry":"Iceland","bornCountryCode":"IS","bornCity":"Reykjavik","diedCountry":"Iceland","diedCountryCode":"IS","diedCity":"Reykjavik","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1955","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"627","firstname":"Juan Ram\u00f3n","surname":"Jim\u00e9nez","born":"1881-12-24","died":"1958-05-29","bornCountry":"Spain","bornCountryCode":"ES","bornCity":"Moguer","diedCountry":"Puerto Rico","diedCountryCode":"PR","diedCity":"San Juan","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1956","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"628","firstname":"Albert","surname":"Camus","born":"1913-11-07","died":"1960-01-04","bornCountry":"French Algeria (now Algeria)","bornCountryCode":"DZ","bornCity":"Mondovi","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Sens","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1957","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"629","firstname":"Boris","surname":"Pasternak","born":"1890-02-10","died":"1960-05-30","bornCountry":"Russia","bornCountryCode":"RU","bornCity":"Moscow","diedCountry":"Russia","diedCountryCode":"RU","diedCity":"Peredelkino","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1958","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"630","firstname":"Salvatore","surname":"Quasimodo","born":"1901-08-20","died":"1968-06-14","bornCountry":"Italy","bornCountryCode":"IT","bornCity":"Modica","diedCountry":"Italy","diedCountryCode":"IT","diedCity":"Naples","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1959","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"631","firstname":"Saint-John","surname":"Perse","born":"1887-05-31","died":"1975-09-20","bornCountry":"Guadeloupe, France","bornCountryCode":"GP","bornCity":"Pointe-\u00e0-Pitre","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Presqu'\u00eele-de-Giens","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1960","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"633","firstname":"Ivo","surname":"Andri\u0107","born":"1892-10-10","died":"1975-03-13","bornCountry":"Bosnia (now Bosnia and Herzegovina)","bornCountryCode":"BA","bornCity":"Dolac","diedCountry":"Yugoslavia (now Serbia)","diedCountryCode":"RS","diedCity":"Belgrade","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1961","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"634","firstname":"John","surname":"Steinbeck","born":"1902-02-27","died":"1968-12-20","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Salinas, CA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1962","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"635","firstname":"Giorgos","surname":"Seferis","born":"1900-03-13","died":"1971-09-20","bornCountry":"Ottoman Empire (now Turkey)","bornCountryCode":"TR","bornCity":"Smyrna (now Izmir)","diedCountry":"Greece","diedCountryCode":"GR","diedCity":"Athens","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1963","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"637","firstname":"Jean-Paul","surname":"Sartre","born":"1905-06-21","died":"1980-04-15","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Paris","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Paris","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1964","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"638","firstname":"Mikhail","surname":"Sholokhov","born":"1905-05-24","died":"1984-02-21","bornCountry":"Russia","bornCountryCode":"RU","bornCity":"Veshenskaya","diedCountry":"USSR (now Russia)","diedCountryCode":"RU","diedCity":"Veshenskaya","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1965","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"639","firstname":"Shmuel","surname":"Agnon","born":"1888-07-17","died":"1970-02-17","bornCountry":"Austria-Hungary (now Ukraine)","bornCountryCode":"UA","bornCity":"Buczacz (now Buchach)","diedCountry":"Israel","diedCountryCode":"IL","diedCity":"Rehovot","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1966","category":"literature","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"640","firstname":"Nelly","surname":"Sachs","born":"1891-12-10","died":"1970-05-12","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Berlin","diedCountry":"Sweden","diedCountryCode":"SE","diedCity":"Stockholm","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"1966","category":"literature","share":"2","motivation":"\"for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"641","firstname":"Miguel Angel","surname":"Asturias","born":"1899-10-19","died":"1974-06-09","bornCountry":"Guatemala","bornCountryCode":"GT","bornCity":"Guatemala City","diedCountry":"Spain","diedCountryCode":"ES","diedCity":"Madrid","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1967","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"642","firstname":"Yasunari","surname":"Kawabata","born":"1899-06-11","died":"1972-04-16","bornCountry":"Japan","bornCountryCode":"JP","bornCity":"Osaka","diedCountry":"Japan","diedCountryCode":"JP","diedCity":"Zushi","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1968","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"643","firstname":"Samuel","surname":"Beckett","born":"1906-04-13","died":"1989-12-22","bornCountry":"Ireland","bornCountryCode":"IE","bornCity":"Dublin","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Paris","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1969","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"644","firstname":"Aleksandr","surname":"Solzhenitsyn","born":"1918-12-11","died":"2008-08-03","bornCountry":"Russia","bornCountryCode":"RU","bornCity":"Kislovodsk","diedCountry":"Russia","diedCountryCode":"RU","diedCity":"Troitse-Lykovo","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1970","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"645","firstname":"Pablo","surname":"Neruda","born":"1904-07-12","died":"1973-09-23","bornCountry":"Chile","bornCountryCode":"CL","bornCity":"Parral","diedCountry":"Chile","diedCountryCode":"CL","diedCity":"Santiago","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1971","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"647","firstname":"Heinrich","surname":"B\u00f6ll","born":"1917-12-21","died":"1985-07-16","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Cologne","diedCountry":"West Germany (now Germany)","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Bornheim-Merten","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1972","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"648","firstname":"Patrick","surname":"White","born":"1912-05-28","died":"1990-09-30","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"London","diedCountry":"Australia","diedCountryCode":"AU","diedCity":"Sydney","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1973","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"649","firstname":"Eyvind","surname":"Johnson","born":"1900-07-29","died":"1976-08-25","bornCountry":"Sweden","bornCountryCode":"SE","bornCity":"Svartbj\u00f6rnsbyn","diedCountry":"Sweden","diedCountryCode":"SE","diedCity":"Stockholm","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1974","category":"literature","share":"2","motivation":"\"for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"650","firstname":"Harry","surname":"Martinson","born":"1904-05-06","died":"1978-02-11","bornCountry":"Sweden","bornCountryCode":"SE","bornCity":"J\u00e4msh\u00f6g","diedCountry":"Sweden","diedCountryCode":"SE","diedCity":"Stockholm","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1974","category":"literature","share":"2","motivation":"\"for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"651","firstname":"Eugenio","surname":"Montale","born":"1896-10-12","died":"1981-09-12","bornCountry":"Italy","bornCountryCode":"IT","bornCity":"Genoa","diedCountry":"Italy","diedCountryCode":"IT","diedCity":"Milan","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1975","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"652","firstname":"Saul","surname":"Bellow","born":"1915-06-10","died":"2005-04-05","bornCountry":"Canada","bornCountryCode":"CA","bornCity":"Montreal","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Brookline, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1976","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"653","firstname":"Vicente","surname":"Aleixandre","born":"1898-04-26","died":"1984-12-14","bornCountry":"Spain","bornCountryCode":"ES","bornCity":"Sevilla","diedCountry":"Spain","diedCountryCode":"ES","diedCity":"Madrid","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1977","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"654","firstname":"Isaac Bashevis","surname":"Singer","born":"1904-07-14","died":"1991-07-24","bornCountry":"Russian Empire (now Poland)","bornCountryCode":"PL","bornCity":"Leoncin","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Surfside, FL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1978","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"655","firstname":"Odysseus","surname":"Elytis","born":"1911-11-02","died":"1996-03-18","bornCountry":"Crete (now Greece)","bornCountryCode":"GR","bornCity":"Ir\u00e1klion","diedCountry":"Greece","diedCountryCode":"GR","diedCity":"Athens","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1979","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"657","firstname":"Czes\u0142aw","surname":"Mi\u0142osz","born":"1911-06-30","died":"2004-08-14","bornCountry":"Russian Empire (now Lithuania)","bornCountryCode":"LT","bornCity":"\u015aeteniai","diedCountry":"Poland","diedCountryCode":"PL","diedCity":"Krak\u00f3w","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1980","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"658","firstname":"Elias","surname":"Canetti","born":"1905-07-25","died":"1994-08-14","bornCountry":"Bulgaria","bornCountryCode":"BG","bornCity":"Ruse","diedCountry":"Switzerland","diedCountryCode":"CH","diedCity":"Zurich","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1981","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"659","firstname":"Gabriel","surname":"Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez","born":"1927-03-06","died":"2014-04-17","bornCountry":"Colombia","bornCountryCode":"CO","bornCity":"Aracataca","diedCountry":"Mexico","diedCountryCode":"MX","diedCity":"Mexico City","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1982","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"660","firstname":"William","surname":"Golding","born":"1911-09-19","died":"1993-06-19","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Newquay","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Perranarworthal","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1983","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"661","firstname":"Jaroslav","surname":"Seifert","born":"1901-09-23","died":"1986-01-10","bornCountry":"Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic)","bornCountryCode":"CZ","bornCity":"Prague","diedCountry":"Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic)","diedCountryCode":"CZ","diedCity":"Prague","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1984","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"662","firstname":"Claude","surname":"Simon","born":"1913-10-10","died":"2005-07-06","bornCountry":"Madagascar","bornCountryCode":"MG","bornCity":"Tananarive (now Antananarivo)","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Paris","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1985","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"663","firstname":"Wole","surname":"Soyinka","born":"1934-07-13","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Nigeria","bornCountryCode":"NG","bornCity":"Abeokuta","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1986","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"664","firstname":"Joseph","surname":"Brodsky","born":"1940-05-24","died":"1996-01-28","bornCountry":"USSR (now Russia)","bornCountryCode":"RU","bornCity":"Leningrad (now St. Petersburg)","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1987","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"665","firstname":"Naguib","surname":"Mahfouz","born":"1911-12-11","died":"2006-08-30","bornCountry":"Egypt","bornCountryCode":"EG","bornCity":"Cairo","diedCountry":"Egypt","diedCountryCode":"EG","diedCity":"Cairo","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1988","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"666","firstname":"Camilo Jos\u00e9","surname":"Cela","born":"1916-05-11","died":"2002-01-17","bornCountry":"Spain","bornCountryCode":"ES","bornCity":"Iria Flavia","diedCountry":"Spain","diedCountryCode":"ES","diedCity":"Madrid","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1989","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"667","firstname":"Octavio","surname":"Paz","born":"1914-03-31","died":"1998-04-19","bornCountry":"Mexico","bornCountryCode":"MX","bornCity":"Mexico City","diedCountry":"Mexico","diedCountryCode":"MX","diedCity":"Mexico City","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1990","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"668","firstname":"Nadine","surname":"Gordimer","born":"1923-11-20","died":"2014-07-13","bornCountry":"South Africa","bornCountryCode":"ZA","bornCity":"Springs","diedCountry":"South Africa","diedCountryCode":"ZA","diedCity":"Johannesburg","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"1991","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"669","firstname":"Derek","surname":"Walcott","born":"1930-01-23","died":"2017-03-17","bornCountry":"Saint Lucia","bornCountryCode":"LC","bornCity":"Castries","diedCountry":"Saint Lucia","diedCountryCode":"LC","diedCity":"Gros-Islet","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1992","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"670","firstname":"Toni","surname":"Morrison","born":"1931-02-18","died":"2019-08-05","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Lorain, OH","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"New York, NY","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"1993","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"671","firstname":"Kenzaburo","surname":"Oe","born":"1935-01-31","died":"2023-03-03","bornCountry":"Japan","bornCountryCode":"JP","bornCity":"Uchiko","diedCountry":"Japan","diedCountryCode":"JP","diedCity":"Tokyo","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1994","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"672","firstname":"Seamus","surname":"Heaney","born":"1939-04-13","died":"2013-08-30","bornCountry":"Northern Ireland","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Casteld\u00e0wson","diedCountry":"Ireland","diedCountryCode":"IE","diedCity":"Dublin","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1995","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"673","firstname":"Wis\u0142awa","surname":"Szymborska","born":"1923-07-02","died":"2012-02-01","bornCountry":"Poland","bornCountryCode":"PL","bornCity":"Bnin (now K\u00f3rnik)","diedCountry":"Poland","diedCountryCode":"PL","diedCity":"Krak\u00f3w","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"1996","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"674","firstname":"Dario","surname":"Fo","born":"1926-03-24","died":"2016-10-13","bornCountry":"Italy","bornCountryCode":"IT","bornCity":"Leggiuno-Sangiano","diedCountry":"Italy","diedCountryCode":"IT","diedCity":"Milan","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1997","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"675","firstname":"Jos\u00e9","surname":"Saramago","born":"1922-11-16","died":"2010-06-18","bornCountry":"Portugal","bornCountryCode":"PT","bornCity":"Azinhaga","diedCountry":"Spain","diedCountryCode":"ES","diedCity":"Lanzarote","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1998","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"676","firstname":"G\u00fcnter","surname":"Grass","born":"1927-10-16","died":"2015-04-13","bornCountry":"Free City of Danzig (now Poland)","bornCountryCode":"PL","bornCity":"Danzig (now Gdansk)","diedCountry":"Germany","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"L\u00fcbeck","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1999","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"677","firstname":"Ragnar","surname":"Frisch","born":"1895-03-03","died":"1973-01-31","bornCountry":"Norway","bornCountryCode":"NO","bornCity":"Oslo","diedCountry":"Norway","diedCountryCode":"NO","diedCity":"Oslo","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1969","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Oslo","city":"Oslo","country":"Norway"}]}]},{"id":"678","firstname":"Jan","surname":"Tinbergen","born":"1903-04-12","died":"1994-06-09","bornCountry":"the Netherlands","bornCountryCode":"NL","bornCity":"the Hague","diedCountry":"the Netherlands","diedCountryCode":"NL","diedCity":"the Hague","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1969","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes\"","affiliations":[{"name":"The Netherlands School of Economics","city":"Rotterdam","country":"the Netherlands"}]}]},{"id":"679","firstname":"Paul A.","surname":"Samuelson","born":"1915-05-15","died":"2009-12-13","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Gary, IN","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Belmont, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1970","category":"economics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"680","firstname":"Simon","surname":"Kuznets","born":"1901-04-30","died":"1985-07-08","bornCountry":"Russian Empire (now Belarus)","bornCountryCode":"BY","bornCity":"Pinsk","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Cambridge, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1971","category":"economics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Harvard University","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"681","firstname":"John R.","surname":"Hicks","born":"1904-04-08","died":"1989-05-20","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Warwick","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Blockley","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1972","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory\"","affiliations":[{"name":"All Souls College","city":"Oxford","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"682","firstname":"Kenneth J.","surname":"Arrow","born":"1921-08-23","died":"2017-02-21","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Palo Alto, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1972","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Harvard University","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"683","firstname":"Wassily","surname":"Leontief","born":"1906-08-05","died":"1999-02-05","bornCountry":"Russia","bornCountryCode":"RU","bornCity":"St. Petersburg","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1973","category":"economics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Harvard University","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"684","firstname":"Gunnar","surname":"Myrdal","born":"1898-12-06","died":"1987-05-17","bornCountry":"Sweden","bornCountryCode":"SE","bornCity":"Skattungbyn","diedCountry":"Sweden","diedCountryCode":"SE","diedCity":"Stockholm","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1974","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"685","firstname":"Friedrich","surname":"von Hayek","born":"1899-05-08","died":"1992-03-23","bornCountry":"Austria","bornCountryCode":"AT","bornCity":"Vienna","diedCountry":"Germany","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"Freiburg","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1974","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"686","firstname":"Leonid Vitaliyevich","surname":"Kantorovich","born":"1912-01-19","died":"1986-04-07","bornCountry":"Russian Empire (now Russia)","bornCountryCode":"RU","bornCity":"St. Petersburg","diedCountry":"USSR (now Russia)","diedCountryCode":"RU","diedCity":"Moscow","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1975","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Academy of Sciences","city":"Moscow","country":"USSR (now Russia)"}]}]},{"id":"687","firstname":"Tjalling C.","surname":"Koopmans","born":"1910-08-28","died":"1985-02-26","bornCountry":"the Netherlands","bornCountryCode":"NL","bornCity":"'s Graveland","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"New Haven, CT","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1975","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Yale University","city":"New Haven, CT","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"688","firstname":"Milton","surname":"Friedman","born":"1912-07-31","died":"2006-11-16","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Brooklyn, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"San Francisco, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1976","category":"economics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Chicago","city":"Chicago, IL","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"689","firstname":"Bertil","surname":"Ohlin","born":"1899-04-23","died":"1979-08-03","bornCountry":"Sweden","bornCountryCode":"SE","bornCity":"Klippan","diedCountry":"Sweden","diedCountryCode":"SE","diedCity":"V\u00e5l\u00e5dalen","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1977","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Stockholm School of Economics","city":"Stockholm","country":"Sweden"}]}]},{"id":"690","firstname":"James E.","surname":"Meade","born":"1907-06-23","died":"1995-12-22","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Swanage","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Cambridge","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1977","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Cambridge","city":"Cambridge","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"691","firstname":"Herbert","surname":"Simon","born":"1916-06-15","died":"2001-02-09","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Milwaukee, WI","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Pittsburgh, PA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1978","category":"economics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University","city":"Pittsburgh, PA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"692","firstname":"Theodore W.","surname":"Schultz","born":"1902-04-30","died":"1998-02-26","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Arlington, SD","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Evanston, IL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1979","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Chicago","city":"Chicago, IL","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"693","firstname":"Sir Arthur","surname":"Lewis","born":"1915-01-23","died":"1991-06-15","bornCountry":"British West Indies (now Saint Lucia)","bornCountryCode":"LC","bornCity":"Castries","diedCountry":"Barbados","diedCountryCode":"BB","diedCity":"Bridgetown","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1979","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Princeton University","city":"Princeton, NJ","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"694","firstname":"Lawrence R.","surname":"Klein","born":"1920-09-14","died":"2013-10-20","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Omaha, NE","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Gladwyne, PA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1980","category":"economics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania","city":"Philadelphia, PA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"695","firstname":"James","surname":"Tobin","born":"1918-03-05","died":"2002-03-11","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Champaign, IL","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"New Haven, CT","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1981","category":"economics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Yale University","city":"New Haven, CT","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"696","firstname":"George J.","surname":"Stigler","born":"1911-01-17","died":"1991-12-01","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Renton, WA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Chicago, IL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1982","category":"economics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Chicago","city":"Chicago, IL","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"697","firstname":"Gerard","surname":"Debreu","born":"1921-07-04","died":"2004-12-31","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Calais","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Paris","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1983","category":"economics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Berkeley, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"698","firstname":"Richard","surname":"Stone","born":"1913-08-30","died":"1991-12-06","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"London","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Cambridge","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1984","category":"economics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Cambridge","city":"Cambridge","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"699","firstname":"Franco","surname":"Modigliani","born":"1918-06-18","died":"2003-09-25","bornCountry":"Italy","bornCountryCode":"IT","bornCity":"Rome","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Cambridge, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1985","category":"economics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"700","firstname":"James M.","surname":"Buchanan Jr.","born":"1919-10-03","died":"2013-01-09","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Murfreesboro, TN","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Blacksburg, VA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1986","category":"economics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Center for Study of Public Choice","city":"Fairfax, VA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"701","firstname":"Robert M.","surname":"Solow","born":"1924-08-23","died":"2023-12-21","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Brooklyn, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Lexington, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1987","category":"economics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his contributions to the theory of economic growth\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"702","firstname":"Maurice","surname":"Allais","born":"1911-05-31","died":"2010-10-09","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Paris","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Paris","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1988","category":"economics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources\"","affiliations":[{"name":"\u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieur des Mines de Paris","city":"Paris","country":"France"}]}]},{"id":"703","firstname":"Trygve","surname":"Haavelmo","born":"1911-12-13","died":"1999-07-26","bornCountry":"Norway","bornCountryCode":"NO","bornCity":"Skedsmo","diedCountry":"Norway","diedCountryCode":"NO","diedCity":"Oslo","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1989","category":"economics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Oslo","city":"Oslo","country":"Norway"}]}]},{"id":"704","firstname":"Harry M.","surname":"Markowitz","born":"1927-08-24","died":"2023-06-22","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Chicago, IL","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"San Diego, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1990","category":"economics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics\"","affiliations":[{"name":"City University of New York","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"705","firstname":"Merton H.","surname":"Miller","born":"1923-05-16","died":"2000-06-03","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Boston, MA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Chicago, IL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1990","category":"economics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Chicago","city":"Chicago, IL","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"706","firstname":"William F.","surname":"Sharpe","born":"1934-06-16","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Boston, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1990","category":"economics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Stanford University","city":"Stanford, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"707","firstname":"Ronald H.","surname":"Coase","born":"1910-12-29","died":"2013-09-02","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Willesden","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Chicago, IL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1991","category":"economics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Chicago","city":"Chicago, IL","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"708","firstname":"Gary","surname":"Becker","born":"1930-12-02","died":"2014-05-03","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Pottsville, PA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Chicago, IL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1992","category":"economics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Chicago","city":"Chicago, IL","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"709","firstname":"Robert W.","surname":"Fogel","born":"1927-07-01","died":"2013-06-11","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Oak Lawn, IL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1993","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Chicago","city":"Chicago, IL","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"710","firstname":"Douglass C.","surname":"North","born":"1920-11-05","died":"2015-11-23","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Cambridge, MA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Benzonia, MI","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1993","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Washington University","city":"St. Louis, MO","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"711","firstname":"John C.","surname":"Harsanyi","born":"1920-05-29","died":"2000-08-09","bornCountry":"Hungary","bornCountryCode":"HU","bornCity":"Budapest","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Berkeley, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1994","category":"economics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Berkeley, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"712","firstname":"John F.","surname":"Nash Jr.","born":"1928-06-13","died":"2015-05-23","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Bluefield, WV","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"New Jersey, NJ","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1994","category":"economics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Princeton University","city":"Princeton, NJ","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"713","firstname":"Reinhard","surname":"Selten","born":"1930-10-05","died":"2016-08-23","bornCountry":"Germany (now Poland)","bornCountryCode":"PL","bornCity":"Breslau (now Wroclaw)","diedCountry":"Poland","diedCountryCode":"PL","diedCity":"Poznan","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1994","category":"economics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t","city":"Bonn","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"714","firstname":"Robert E.","surname":"Lucas Jr.","born":"1937-09-15","died":"2023-05-15","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Yakima, WA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Chicago, IL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1995","category":"economics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Chicago","city":"Chicago, IL","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"715","firstname":"James A.","surname":"Mirrlees","born":"1936-07-05","died":"2018-08-29","bornCountry":"Scotland","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Minnigaff","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Cambridge","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1996","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Cambridge","city":"Cambridge","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"716","firstname":"William","surname":"Vickrey","born":"1914-06-21","died":"1996-10-11","bornCountry":"Canada","bornCountryCode":"CA","bornCity":"Victoria, BC","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Harrison, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1996","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Columbia University","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"717","firstname":"Robert C.","surname":"Merton","born":"1944-07-31","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1997","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for a new method to determine the value of derivatives\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Harvard University","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"718","firstname":"Myron","surname":"Scholes","born":"1941-07-01","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Canada","bornCountryCode":"CA","bornCity":"Timmins, ON","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1997","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for a new method to determine the value of derivatives\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Long Term Capital Management","city":"Greenwich, CT","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"719","firstname":"Amartya","surname":"Sen","born":"1933-11-03","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"India","bornCountryCode":"IN","bornCity":"Santiniketan","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1998","category":"economics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his contributions to welfare economics\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Trinity College","city":"Cambridge","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"720","firstname":"Robert","surname":"Mundell","born":"1932-10-24","died":"2021-04-04","bornCountry":"Canada","bornCountryCode":"CA","bornCity":"Kingston, ON","diedCountry":"Italy","diedCountryCode":"IT","diedCity":"Siena","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1999","category":"economics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Columbia University","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"721","firstname":"Il\u00b4ja M.","surname":"Frank","born":"1908-10-23","died":"1990-06-22","bornCountry":"Russia","bornCountryCode":"RU","bornCity":"Leningrad (now St. Petersburg)","diedCountry":"USSR (now Russia)","diedCountryCode":"RU","diedCity":"Moscow","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"1958","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Lomonosov Moscow State University","city":"Moscow","country":"USSR (now Russia)"},{"name":"P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute","city":"Moscow","country":"USSR (now Russia)"}]}]},{"id":"722","firstname":"Arvid","surname":"Carlsson","born":"1923-01-25","died":"2018-06-29","bornCountry":"Sweden","bornCountryCode":"SE","bornCity":"Uppsala","diedCountry":"Sweden","diedCountryCode":"SE","diedCity":"Gothenburg","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2000","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system\"","affiliations":[{"name":"G\u00f6teborg University","city":"Gothenburg","country":"Sweden"}]}]},{"id":"723","firstname":"Paul","surname":"Greengard","born":"1925-12-11","died":"2019-04-13","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2000","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Rockefeller University","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"724","firstname":"Eric","surname":"Kandel","born":"1929-11-07","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Austria","bornCountryCode":"AT","bornCity":"Vienna","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2000","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Columbia University","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"725","firstname":"Kim","surname":"Dae-jung","born":"1924-01-08","died":"2009-08-18","bornCountry":"Korea (now South Korea)","bornCountryCode":"KR","bornCity":"Mokpo","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2000","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"726","firstname":"Zhores","surname":"Alferov","born":"1930-03-15","died":"2019-03-01","bornCountry":"USSR (now Belarus)","bornCountryCode":"BY","bornCity":"Vitebsk, Belorussia","diedCountry":"Russia","diedCountryCode":"RU","diedCity":"St. Petersburg","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2000","category":"physics","overallMotivation":"\"for basic work on information and communication technology\"","share":"4","motivation":"\"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics\"","affiliations":[{"name":"A.F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute","city":"St. Petersburg","country":"Russia"}]}]},{"id":"727","firstname":"Herbert","surname":"Kroemer","born":"1928-08-25","died":"2024-03-08","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Weimar","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2000","category":"physics","overallMotivation":"\"for basic work on information and communication technology\"","share":"4","motivation":"\"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Santa Barbara, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"728","firstname":"Jack","surname":"Kilby","born":"1923-11-08","died":"2005-06-20","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Jefferson City, MO","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Dallas, TX","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2000","category":"physics","overallMotivation":"\"for basic work on information and communication technology\"","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Texas Instruments","city":"Dallas, TX","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"729","firstname":"Alan","surname":"Heeger","born":"1936-01-22","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Sioux City, IA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2000","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Santa Barbara, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"730","firstname":"Alan","surname":"MacDiarmid","born":"1927-04-14","died":"2007-02-07","bornCountry":"New Zealand","bornCountryCode":"NZ","bornCity":"Masterton","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Drexel Hill, PA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2000","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania","city":"Philadelphia, PA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"731","firstname":"Hideki","surname":"Shirakawa","born":"1936-08-20","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Japan","bornCountryCode":"JP","bornCity":"Tokyo","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2000","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Tsukuba","city":"Tsukuba","country":"Japan"}]}]},{"id":"732","firstname":"James J.","surname":"Heckman","born":"1944-04-19","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Chicago, IL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2000","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Chicago","city":"Chicago, IL","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"733","firstname":"Daniel L.","surname":"McFadden","born":"1937-07-29","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Raleigh, NC","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2000","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Berkeley, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"734","firstname":"Xingjian","surname":"Gao","born":"1940-01-04","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"China","bornCountryCode":"CN","bornCity":"Ganzhou","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2000","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for an \u0153uvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"735","firstname":"Leland","surname":"Hartwell","born":"1939-10-30","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Los Angeles, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2001","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center","city":"Seattle, WA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"736","firstname":"Tim","surname":"Hunt","born":"1943-02-19","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Neston","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2001","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Imperial Cancer Research Fund","city":"London","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"737","firstname":"Sir Paul","surname":"Nurse","born":"1949-01-25","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Norwich","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2001","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Imperial Cancer Research Fund","city":"London","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"738","firstname":"Eric","surname":"Cornell","born":"1961-12-19","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Palo Alto, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2001","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Colorado, JILA","city":"Boulder, CO","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"739","firstname":"Wolfgang","surname":"Ketterle","born":"1957-10-21","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"West Germany (now Germany)","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Heidelberg","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2001","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"740","firstname":"Carl","surname":"Wieman","born":"1951-03-26","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Corvallis, OR","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2001","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Colorado, JILA","city":"Boulder, CO","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"741","firstname":"William","surname":"Knowles","born":"1917-06-01","died":"2012-06-13","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Taunton, MA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Chesterfield, MO","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2001","category":"chemistry","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"742","firstname":"Ryoji","surname":"Noyori","born":"1938-09-03","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Japan","bornCountryCode":"JP","bornCity":"Kobe","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2001","category":"chemistry","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Nagoya University","city":"Nagoya","country":"Japan"}]}]},{"id":"743","firstname":"Barry","surname":"Sharpless","born":"1941-04-28","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Philadelphia, PA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2001","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions\"","affiliations":[{"name":"The Scripps Research Institute","city":"La Jolla, CA","country":"USA"}]},{"year":"2022","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Scripps Research","city":"La Jolla, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"744","firstname":"George A.","surname":"Akerlof","born":"1940-06-17","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New Haven, CT","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2001","category":"economics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Berkeley, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"745","firstname":"A. Michael","surname":"Spence","born":"1943-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Montclair, NJ","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2001","category":"economics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Stanford University","city":"Stanford, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"746","firstname":"Joseph E.","surname":"Stiglitz","born":"1943-02-09","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Gary, IN","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2001","category":"economics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Columbia University","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"747","firstname":"V. S.","surname":"Naipaul","born":"1932-08-17","died":"2018-08-11","bornCountry":"Trinidad and Tobago","bornCountryCode":"TT","bornCity":"Chaguanas","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"London","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2001","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"748","firstname":"United Nations","born":"1945-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","gender":"org","prizes":[{"year":"2001","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"749","firstname":"Kofi","surname":"Annan","born":"1938-04-08","died":"2018-08-18","bornCountry":"Gold Coast (now Ghana)","bornCountryCode":"GH","bornCity":"Kumasi","diedCountry":"Switzerland","diedCountryCode":"CH","diedCity":"Bern","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2001","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"750","firstname":"Sydney","surname":"Brenner","born":"1927-01-13","died":"2019-04-05","bornCountry":"South Africa","bornCountryCode":"ZA","bornCity":"Germiston","diedCountry":"Singapore","diedCountryCode":"SG","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2002","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death\"","affiliations":[{"name":"The Molecular Sciences Institute","city":"Berkeley, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"751","firstname":"H. Robert","surname":"Horvitz","born":"1947-05-08","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Chicago, IL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2002","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"752","firstname":"John E.","surname":"Sulston","born":"1942-03-27","died":"2018-03-06","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Fulmer","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Stapleford, Cambridgeshire","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2002","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death\"","affiliations":[{"name":"The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute","city":"Cambridge","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"753","firstname":"Raymond","surname":"Davis Jr.","born":"1914-10-14","died":"2006-05-31","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Washington, D.C.","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Blue Point, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2002","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania","city":"Philadelphia, PA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"754","firstname":"Masatoshi","surname":"Koshiba","born":"1926-09-19","died":"2020-11-12","bornCountry":"Japan","bornCountryCode":"JP","bornCity":"Toyohashi","diedCountry":"Japan","diedCountryCode":"JP","diedCity":"Tokyo","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2002","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Tokyo","city":"Tokyo","country":"Japan"}]}]},{"id":"755","firstname":"Riccardo","surname":"Giacconi","born":"1931-10-06","died":"2018-12-16","bornCountry":"Italy","bornCountryCode":"IT","bornCity":"Genoa","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"La Jolla, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2002","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Associated Universities Inc.","city":"Washington, D.C.","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"756","firstname":"John B.","surname":"Fenn","born":"1917-06-15","died":"2010-12-10","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Richmond, VA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2002","category":"chemistry","overallMotivation":"\"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules\"","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","city":"Richmond, VA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"757","firstname":"Koichi","surname":"Tanaka","born":"1959-08-03","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Japan","bornCountryCode":"JP","bornCity":"Toyama City","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2002","category":"chemistry","overallMotivation":"\"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules\"","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Shimadzu Corp.","city":"Kyoto","country":"Japan"}]}]},{"id":"758","firstname":"Kurt","surname":"W\u00fcthrich","born":"1938-10-04","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Switzerland","bornCountryCode":"CH","bornCity":"Aarberg","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2002","category":"chemistry","overallMotivation":"\"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules\"","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology)","city":"Zurich","country":"Switzerland"},{"name":"The Scripps Research Institute","city":"La Jolla, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"759","firstname":"Daniel","surname":"Kahneman","born":"1934-03-05","died":"2024-03-27","bornCountry":"British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel)","bornCountryCode":"IL","bornCity":"Tel Aviv","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2002","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Princeton University","city":"Princeton, NJ","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"760","firstname":"Vernon L.","surname":"Smith","born":"1927-01-01","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Wichita, KS","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2002","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms\"","affiliations":[{"name":"George Mason University","city":"Fairfax, VA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"761","firstname":"Imre","surname":"Kert\u00e9sz","born":"1929-11-09","died":"2016-03-31","bornCountry":"Hungary","bornCountryCode":"HU","bornCity":"Budapest","diedCountry":"Hungary","diedCountryCode":"HU","diedCity":"Budapest","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2002","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"762","firstname":"Jimmy","surname":"Carter","born":"1924-10-01","died":"2024-12-29","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Plains, GA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Plains, GA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2002","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"763","firstname":"J. M.","surname":"Coetzee","born":"1940-02-09","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"South Africa","bornCountryCode":"ZA","bornCity":"Cape Town","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2003","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"764","firstname":"Paul C.","surname":"Lauterbur","born":"1929-05-06","died":"2007-03-27","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Sidney, OH","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Urbana, IL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2003","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Illinois","city":"Urbana, IL","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"765","firstname":"Sir Peter","surname":"Mansfield","born":"1933-10-09","died":"2017-02-08","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"London","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2003","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Nottingham, School of Physics and Astronomy","city":"Nottingham","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"766","firstname":"Alexei","surname":"Abrikosov","born":"1928-06-25","died":"2017-03-29","bornCountry":"USSR (now Russia)","bornCountryCode":"RU","bornCity":"Moscow","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2003","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Argonne National Laboratory","city":"Argonne, IL","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"767","firstname":"Vitaly L.","surname":"Ginzburg","born":"1916-10-04","died":"2009-11-08","bornCountry":"Russia","bornCountryCode":"RU","bornCity":"Moscow","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2003","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids\"","affiliations":[{"name":"P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute","city":"Moscow","country":"Russia"}]}]},{"id":"768","firstname":"Anthony J.","surname":"Leggett","born":"1938-03-26","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"London","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2003","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Illinois","city":"Urbana, IL","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"769","firstname":"Peter","surname":"Agre","born":"1949-01-30","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Northfield, MN","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2003","category":"chemistry","overallMotivation":"\"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes\"","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the discovery of water channels\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine","city":"Baltimore, MD","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"770","firstname":"Roderick","surname":"MacKinnon","born":"1956-02-19","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Burlington, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2003","category":"chemistry","overallMotivation":"\"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes\"","share":"2","motivation":"\"for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Rockefeller University","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"771","firstname":"Robert F.","surname":"Engle III","born":"1942-11-10","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Syracuse, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2003","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)\"","affiliations":[{"name":"New York University","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"772","firstname":"Clive W.J.","surname":"Granger","born":"1934-09-04","died":"2009-05-27","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Swansea","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"San Diego, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2003","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for methods of analyzing economic time series with common trends (cointegration)\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"San Diego, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"773","firstname":"Shirin","surname":"Ebadi","born":"1947-06-21","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Iran","bornCountryCode":"IR","bornCity":"Hamadan","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2003","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"774","firstname":"Richard","surname":"Axel","born":"1946-07-02","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2004","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Columbia University","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"775","firstname":"Linda B.","surname":"Buck","born":"1947-01-29","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Seattle, WA","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2004","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center","city":"Seattle, WA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"776","firstname":"David J.","surname":"Gross","born":"1941-02-19","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Washington, D.C.","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2004","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California, Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics","city":"Santa Barbara, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"777","firstname":"H. David","surname":"Politzer","born":"1949-08-31","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2004","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction\"","affiliations":[{"name":"California Institute of Technology (Caltech)","city":"Pasadena, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"778","firstname":"Frank","surname":"Wilczek","born":"1951-05-15","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2004","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"779","firstname":"Aaron","surname":"Ciechanover","born":"1947-10-01","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"British Protectorate of Palestine (now Israel)","bornCountryCode":"IL","bornCity":"Haifa","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2004","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Technion - Israel Institute of Technology","city":"Haifa","country":"Israel"}]}]},{"id":"780","firstname":"Avram","surname":"Hershko","born":"1937-12-31","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Hungary","bornCountryCode":"HU","bornCity":"Karcag","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2004","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Technion - Israel Institute of Technology","city":"Haifa","country":"Israel"}]}]},{"id":"781","firstname":"Irwin","surname":"Rose","born":"1926-07-16","died":"2015-06-03","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Brooklyn, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Deerfield, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2004","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Irvine, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"782","firstname":"Elfriede","surname":"Jelinek","born":"1946-10-20","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Austria","bornCountryCode":"AT","bornCity":"M\u00fcrzzuschlag","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2004","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clich&eacute;s and their subjugating power\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"783","firstname":"Wangari","surname":"Maathai","born":"1940-04-01","died":"2011-09-25","bornCountry":"Kenya","bornCountryCode":"KE","bornCity":"Nyeri","diedCountry":"Kenya","diedCountryCode":"KE","diedCity":"Nairobi","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2004","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"786","firstname":"Finn E.","surname":"Kydland","born":"1943-12-01","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Norway","bornCountryCode":"NO","bornCity":"Gjesdal","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2004","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University","city":"Pittsburgh, PA","country":"USA"},{"name":"University of California","city":"Santa Barbara, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"787","firstname":"Edward C.","surname":"Prescott","born":"1940-12-26","died":"2022-11-06","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Glens Falls, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Paradise Valley, AZ","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2004","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Arizona State University","city":"Tempe, AZ","country":"USA"},{"name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis","city":"Minneapolis, MN","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"789","firstname":"Barry J.","surname":"Marshall","born":"1951-09-30","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Australia","bornCountryCode":"AU","bornCity":"Kalgoorlie","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2005","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discovery of the bacterium <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i> and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease\"","affiliations":[{"name":"NHMRC Helicobacter pylori Research Laboratory, QEII Medical Centre","city":"Nedlands","country":"Australia"},{"name":"University of Western Australia","city":"Perth","country":"Australia"}]}]},{"id":"790","firstname":"J. Robin","surname":"Warren","born":"1937-06-11","died":"2024-07-23","bornCountry":"Australia","bornCountryCode":"AU","bornCity":"Adelaide","diedCountry":"Australia","diedCountryCode":"AU","diedCity":"Perth","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2005","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discovery of the bacterium <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i> and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"791","firstname":"Roy J.","surname":"Glauber","born":"1925-09-01","died":"2018-12-26","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Newton, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2005","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Harvard University","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"792","firstname":"John L.","surname":"Hall","born":"1934-08-21","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Denver, CO","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2005","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Colorado, JILA","city":"Boulder, CO","country":"USA"},{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","city":"Boulder, CO","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"793","firstname":"Theodor W.","surname":"H\u00e4nsch","born":"1941-10-30","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Heidelberg","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2005","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics","city":"Garching","country":"Germany"},{"name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","city":"Munich","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"794","firstname":"Yves","surname":"Chauvin","born":"1930-10-10","died":"2015-01-27","bornCountry":"Belgium","bornCountryCode":"BE","bornCity":"Menin","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Tours","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2005","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Institut Fran\u00e7ais du P\u00e9trole","city":"Rueil-Malmaison","country":"France"}]}]},{"id":"795","firstname":"Robert H.","surname":"Grubbs","born":"1942-02-27","died":"2021-12-19","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Possum Trot, KY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Duarte, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2005","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis\"","affiliations":[{"name":"California Institute of Technology (Caltech)","city":"Pasadena, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"796","firstname":"Richard R.","surname":"Schrock","born":"1945-01-04","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Berne, IN","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2005","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"797","firstname":"International Atomic Energy Agency","born":"1957-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","gender":"org","prizes":[{"year":"2005","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"798","firstname":"Mohamed","surname":"ElBaradei","born":"1942-06-17","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Egypt","bornCountryCode":"EG","bornCity":"Cairo","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2005","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"799","firstname":"Robert J.","surname":"Aumann","born":"1930-06-08","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Frankfurt-on-the-Main","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2005","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Jerusalem, Center for RationalityHebrew","city":"Jerusalem","country":"Israel"}]}]},{"id":"800","firstname":"Thomas C.","surname":"Schelling","born":"1921-04-14","died":"2016-12-13","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Oakland, CA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Bethesda, MD","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2005","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Maryland, Department of Economics and School of Public Policy","city":"College Park, MD","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"801","firstname":"Harold","surname":"Pinter","born":"1930-10-10","died":"2008-12-24","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"London","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"London","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2005","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"802","firstname":"Andrew Z.","surname":"Fire","born":"1959-04-27","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Stanford, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2006","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine","city":"Stanford, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"803","firstname":"Craig C.","surname":"Mello","born":"1960-10-18","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New Haven, CT","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2006","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Medical School","city":"Worcester, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"804","firstname":"John C.","surname":"Mather","born":"1946-08-07","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Roanoke, VA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2006","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation\"","affiliations":[{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center","city":"Greenbelt, MD","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"805","firstname":"George F.","surname":"Smoot","born":"1945-02-20","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Yukon, FL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2006","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Berkeley, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"806","firstname":"Roger D.","surname":"Kornberg","born":"1947-04-24","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"St. Louis, MO","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2006","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Stanford University","city":"Stanford, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"807","firstname":"Edmund S.","surname":"Phelps","born":"1933-07-26","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Evanston, IL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2006","category":"economics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Columbia University","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"808","firstname":"Orhan","surname":"Pamuk","born":"1952-06-07","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Turkey","bornCountryCode":"TR","bornCity":"Istanbul","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2006","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"809","firstname":"Muhammad","surname":"Yunus","born":"1940-06-28","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"British India (now Bangladesh)","bornCountryCode":"BD","bornCity":"Chittagong","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2006","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their efforts to create economic and social development from below\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"810","firstname":"Grameen Bank","born":"1976-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","gender":"org","prizes":[{"year":"2006","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their efforts to create economic and social development from below\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"811","firstname":"Mario R.","surname":"Capecchi","born":"1937-10-06","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Italy","bornCountryCode":"IT","bornCity":"Verona","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2007","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Utah","city":"Salt Lake City, UT","country":"USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"812","firstname":"Sir Martin J.","surname":"Evans","born":"1941-01-01","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Stroud","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2007","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Cardiff University","city":"Cardiff","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"813","firstname":"Oliver","surname":"Smithies","born":"1925-06-23","died":"2017-01-10","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Halifax","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Chapel Hill, NC","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2007","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of North Carolina","city":"Chapel Hill, NC","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"814","firstname":"Albert","surname":"Fert","born":"1938-03-07","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Carcassonne","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2007","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Universit&eacute; Paris-Sud","city":"Orsay","country":"France"},{"name":"Unit&eacute; Mixte de Physique CNRS\/THALES","city":"Orsay","country":"France"}]}]},{"id":"815","firstname":"Peter","surname":"Gr\u00fcnberg","born":"1939-05-18","died":"2018-04-09","bornCountry":"Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic)","bornCountryCode":"CZ","bornCity":"Plzen","diedCountry":"Germany","diedCountryCode":"DE","diedCity":"J\u00fclich","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2007","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Forschungszentrum J&uuml;lich","city":"J\u00fclich","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"816","firstname":"Gerhard","surname":"Ertl","born":"1936-10-10","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Bad Cannstatt","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2007","category":"chemistry","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft","city":"Berlin","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"817","firstname":"Doris","surname":"Lessing","born":"1919-10-22","died":"2013-11-17","bornCountry":"Persia (now Iran)","bornCountryCode":"IR","bornCity":"Kermanshah","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"London","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2007","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"818","firstname":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","born":"1988-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","gender":"org","prizes":[{"year":"2007","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"819","firstname":"Al","surname":"Gore","born":"1948-03-31","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Washington, D.C.","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2007","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"820","firstname":"Leonid","surname":"Hurwicz","born":"1917-08-21","died":"2008-06-24","bornCountry":"Russia","bornCountryCode":"RU","bornCity":"Moscow","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Minneapolis, MN","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2007","category":"economics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Minnesota","city":"Minneapolis, MN","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"821","firstname":"Eric S.","surname":"Maskin","born":"1950-12-12","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2007","category":"economics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Institute for Advanced Study","city":"Princeton, NJ","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"822","firstname":"Roger B.","surname":"Myerson","born":"1951-03-29","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Boston, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2007","category":"economics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Chicago","city":"Chicago, IL","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"823","firstname":"Harald","surname":"zur 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Pasteur","city":"Paris","country":"France"}]}]},{"id":"825","firstname":"Luc","surname":"Montagnier","born":"1932-08-18","died":"2022-02-08","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Chabris","diedCountry":"France","diedCountryCode":"FR","diedCity":"Paris","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2008","category":"medicine","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus\"","affiliations":[{"name":"World Foundation for AIDS Research and Prevention","city":"Paris","country":"France"}]}]},{"id":"826","firstname":"Yoichiro","surname":"Nambu","born":"1921-01-18","died":"2015-07-05","bornCountry":"Japan","bornCountryCode":"JP","bornCity":"Tokyo","diedCountry":"Japan","diedCountryCode":"JP","diedCity":"Osaka","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2008","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago","city":"Chicago, IL","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"827","firstname":"Makoto","surname":"Kobayashi","born":"1944-04-07","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Japan","bornCountryCode":"JP","bornCity":"Nagoya","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2008","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature\"","affiliations":[{"name":"High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)","city":"Tsukuba","country":"Japan"}]}]},{"id":"828","firstname":"Toshihide","surname":"Maskawa","born":"1940-02-07","died":"2021-07-23","bornCountry":"Japan","bornCountryCode":"JP","bornCity":"Nagoya","diedCountry":"Japan","diedCountryCode":"JP","diedCity":"Kyoto","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2008","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Kyoto Sangyo University","city":"Kyoto","country":"Japan"},{"name":"Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics (YITP), Kyoto University","city":"Kyoto","country":"Japan"}]}]},{"id":"829","firstname":"Osamu","surname":"Shimomura","born":"1928-08-27","died":"2018-10-19","bornCountry":"Japan","bornCountryCode":"JP","bornCity":"Kyoto","diedCountry":"Japan","diedCountryCode":"JP","diedCity":"Nagasaki","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2008","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL)","city":"Woods Hole, MA","country":"USA"},{"name":"Boston University Medical School","city":"Massachusetts, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"830","firstname":"Martin","surname":"Chalfie","born":"1947-01-15","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Chicago, 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NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2008","category":"economics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Princeton University","city":"Princeton, NJ","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"835","firstname":"Elizabeth H.","surname":"Blackburn","born":"1948-11-26","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Australia","bornCountryCode":"AU","bornCity":"Hobart, Tasmania","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2009","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"San Francisco, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"836","firstname":"Carol W.","surname":"Greider","born":"1961-04-15","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"San Diego, CA","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2009","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the discovery 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Kong","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2009","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Standard Telecommunication Laboratories","city":"Harlow","country":"United Kingdom"},{"name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","city":"Hong Kong","country":"China"}]}]},{"id":"839","firstname":"Willard S.","surname":"Boyle","born":"1924-08-19","died":"2011-05-07","bornCountry":"Canada","bornCountryCode":"CA","bornCity":"Amherst, NS","diedCountry":"Canada","diedCountryCode":"CA","diedCity":"Truro, NS","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2009","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit - the CCD sensor\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Bell Laboratories","city":"Murray Hill, NJ","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"840","firstname":"George 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Banat","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2009","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"845","firstname":"Barack","surname":"Obama","born":"1961-08-04","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Honolulu, HI","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2009","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"846","firstname":"Elinor","surname":"Ostrom","born":"1933-08-07","died":"2012-06-12","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Los Angeles, CA","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Bloomington, IN","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2009","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Indiana University","city":"Bloomington, IN","country":"USA"},{"name":"Arizona State University","city":"Tempe, AZ","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"847","firstname":"Oliver E.","surname":"Williamson","born":"1932-09-27","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Superior, WI","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2009","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Berkeley, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"848","firstname":"Robert G.","surname":"Edwards","born":"1925-09-27","died":"2013-04-10","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Batley","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Cambridge","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2010","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the development of in vitro fertilization\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Cambridge","city":"Cambridge","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"849","firstname":"Andre","surname":"Geim","born":"1958-10-21","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Russia","bornCountryCode":"RU","bornCity":"Sochi","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2010","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Manchester","city":"Manchester","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"850","firstname":"Konstantin","surname":"Novoselov","born":"1974-08-23","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Russia","bornCountryCode":"RU","bornCity":"Nizhny Tagil","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2010","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Manchester","city":"Manchester","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"851","firstname":"Richard F.","surname":"Heck","born":"1931-08-15","died":"2015-10-09","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Springfield, MA","diedCountry":"Philippines","diedCountryCode":"PH","diedCity":"Manila","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2010","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Delaware","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"852","firstname":"Ei-ichi","surname":"Negishi","born":"1935-07-14","died":"2021-06-06","bornCountry":"China","bornCountryCode":"CN","bornCity":"Changchun","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Indianapolis, IN","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2010","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Purdue University","city":"West Lafayette, IN","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"853","firstname":"Akira","surname":"Suzuki","born":"1930-09-12","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Japan","bornCountryCode":"JP","bornCity":"Mukawa","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2010","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Hokkaido University","city":"Sapporo","country":"Japan"}]}]},{"id":"854","firstname":"Mario","surname":"Vargas Llosa","born":"1936-03-28","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Peru","bornCountryCode":"PE","bornCity":"Arequipa","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2010","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and 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M.","surname":"Steinman","born":"1943-01-14","died":"2011-09-30","bornCountry":"Canada","bornCountryCode":"CA","bornCity":"Montreal","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2011","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Rockefeller University","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"864","firstname":"Saul","surname":"Perlmutter","born":"1959-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Champaign-Urbana, IL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2011","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","city":"Berkeley, CA","country":"USA"},{"name":"University of California","city":"Berkeley, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"865","firstname":"Brian P.","surname":"Schmidt","born":"1967-02-24","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Missoula, MT","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2011","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Australian National University","city":"Weston Creek","country":"Australia"}]}]},{"id":"866","firstname":"Adam G.","surname":"Riess","born":"1969-12-16","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Washington, D.C.","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2011","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University","city":"Baltimore, MD","country":"USA"},{"name":"Space Telescope Science 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work\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"871","firstname":"Tawakkol","surname":"Karman","born":"1979-02-07","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Yemen","bornCountryCode":"YE","bornCity":"Ta'izz","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2011","category":"peace","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"872","firstname":"Thomas J.","surname":"Sargent","born":"1943-07-19","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Pasadena, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2011","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy\"","affiliations":[{"name":"New York University","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"873","firstname":"Christopher 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AZ","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2012","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Los Angeles, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"884","firstname":"James E.","surname":"Rothman","born":"1950-11-03","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Haverhill, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2013","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Yale University","city":"New Haven, CT","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"885","firstname":"Randy W.","surname":"Schekman","born":"1948-12-30","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"St. Paul, MN","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2013","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Berkeley, CA","country":"USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"886","firstname":"Thomas C.","surname":"S\u00fcdhof","born":"1955-12-22","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"G\u00f6ttingen","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2013","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Stanford University","city":"Stanford, CA","country":"USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical 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Tyne","diedCountry":"Scotland","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Edinburgh","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2013","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh","city":"Edinburgh","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"889","firstname":"Martin","surname":"Karplus","born":"1930-03-15","died":"2024-12-28","bornCountry":"Austria","bornCountryCode":"AT","bornCity":"Vienna","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Cambridge, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2013","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg","city":"Strasbourg","country":"France"},{"name":"Harvard University","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"890","firstname":"Michael","surname":"Levitt","born":"1947-05-09","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"South Africa","bornCountryCode":"ZA","bornCity":"Pretoria","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2013","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine","city":"Stanford, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"891","firstname":"Arieh","surname":"Warshel","born":"1940-11-20","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel)","bornCountryCode":"IL","bornCity":"Kibbutz Sde-Nahum","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2013","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Southern California","city":"Los Angeles, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"892","firstname":"Alice","surname":"Munro","born":"1931-07-10","died":"2024-05-13","bornCountry":"Canada","bornCountryCode":"CA","bornCity":"Wingham","diedCountry":"Canada","diedCountryCode":"CA","diedCity":"Port Hope","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2013","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"master of the contemporary short story\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"893","firstname":"Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons","born":"1997-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","gender":"org","prizes":[{"year":"2013","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"894","firstname":"Eugene F.","surname":"Fama","born":"1939-02-14","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Boston, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2013","category":"economics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their empirical analysis of asset prices\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Chicago","city":"Chicago, IL","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"895","firstname":"Lars Peter","surname":"Hansen","born":"1952-10-26","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Urbana, IL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2013","category":"economics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their empirical analysis of asset prices\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Chicago","city":"Chicago, IL","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"896","firstname":"Robert J.","surname":"Shiller","born":"1946-03-29","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Detroit, MI","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2013","category":"economics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their empirical analysis of asset prices\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Yale University","city":"New Haven, CT","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"903","firstname":"John","surname":"O'Keefe","born":"1939-11-18","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2014","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University College","city":"London","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"904","firstname":"May-Britt","surname":"Moser","born":"1963-01-04","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Norway","bornCountryCode":"NO","bornCity":"Fosnav\u00e5g","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2014","category":"medicine","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)","city":"Trondheim","country":"Norway"}]}]},{"id":"905","firstname":"Edvard I.","surname":"Moser","born":"1962-04-27","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Norway","bornCountryCode":"NO","bornCity":"\u00c5lesund","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2014","category":"medicine","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)","city":"Trondheim","country":"Norway"}]}]},{"id":"906","firstname":"Isamu","surname":"Akasaki","born":"1929-01-30","died":"2021-04-01","bornCountry":"Japan","bornCountryCode":"JP","bornCity":"Chiran","diedCountry":"Japan","diedCountryCode":"JP","diedCity":"Nagoya","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2014","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Meijo University","city":"Nagoya","country":"Japan"},{"name":"Nagoya University","city":"Nagoya","country":"Japan"}]}]},{"id":"907","firstname":"Hiroshi","surname":"Amano","born":"1960-09-11","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Japan","bornCountryCode":"JP","bornCity":"Hamamatsu","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2014","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Nagoya University","city":"Nagoya","country":"Japan"}]}]},{"id":"908","firstname":"Shuji","surname":"Nakamura","born":"1954-05-22","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Japan","bornCountryCode":"JP","bornCity":"Ikata","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2014","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Santa Barbara, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"909","firstname":"Eric","surname":"Betzig","born":"1960-01-13","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Ann Arbor, MI","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2014","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute","city":"Ashburn, VA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"910","firstname":"Stefan W.","surname":"Hell","born":"1962-12-23","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Romania","bornCountryCode":"RO","bornCity":"Arad","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2014","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry","city":"G\u00f6ttingen","country":"Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Research Center","city":"Heidelberg","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"911","firstname":"William E.","surname":"Moerner","born":"1953-06-24","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Pleasanton, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2014","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Stanford University","city":"Stanford, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"912","firstname":"Patrick","surname":"Modiano","born":"1945-07-30","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Paris","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2014","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and\r\nuncovered the life-world of the occupation\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"913","firstname":"Kailash","surname":"Satyarthi","born":"1954-01-11","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"India","bornCountryCode":"IN","bornCity":"Vidisha","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2014","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"914","firstname":"Malala","surname":"Yousafzai","born":"1997-07-12","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Pakistan","bornCountryCode":"PK","bornCity":"Mingora","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2014","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"915","firstname":"Jean","surname":"Tirole","born":"1953-08-09","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Troyes","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2014","category":"economics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his analysis of market power and regulation\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Toulouse School of Economics (TSE)","city":"Toulouse","country":"France"}]}]},{"id":"916","firstname":"William C.","surname":"Campbell","born":"1930-06-28","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Ireland","bornCountryCode":"IE","bornCity":"Ramelton","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2015","category":"medicine","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Drew University","city":"Madison, NJ","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"917","firstname":"Satoshi","surname":"\u014cmura","born":"1935-07-12","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Japan","bornCountryCode":"JP","bornCity":"Yamanashi Prefecture","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2015","category":"medicine","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Kitasato University","city":"Tokyo","country":"Japan"}]}]},{"id":"918","firstname":"Youyou","surname":"Tu","born":"1930-12-30","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"China","bornCountryCode":"CN","bornCity":"Zhejiang Ningbo","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2015","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria\"","affiliations":[{"name":"China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine","city":"Beijing","country":"China"}]}]},{"id":"919","firstname":"Takaaki","surname":"Kajita","born":"1959-03-09","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Japan","bornCountryCode":"JP","bornCity":"Higashimatsuyama","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2015","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Tokyo","city":"Kashiwa","country":"Japan"}]}]},{"id":"920","firstname":"Arthur B.","surname":"McDonald","born":"1943-08-29","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Canada","bornCountryCode":"CA","bornCity":"Sydney, Nova Scotia","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2015","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Queen's University","city":"Kingston","country":"Canada"}]}]},{"id":"921","firstname":"Tomas","surname":"Lindahl","born":"1938-01-28","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Sweden","bornCountryCode":"SE","bornCity":"Stockholm","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2015","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Francis Crick Institute","city":"Hertfordshire","country":"United Kingdom"},{"name":"Clare Hall Laboratory","city":"Hertfordshire","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"922","firstname":"Paul","surname":"Modrich","born":"1946-06-13","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Raton, NM","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2015","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","city":"Durham, NC","country":"USA"},{"name":"Duke University School of Medicine","city":"Durham, NC","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"923","firstname":"Aziz","surname":"Sancar","born":"1946-09-08","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Turkey","bornCountryCode":"TR","bornCity":"Savur","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2015","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of North Carolina","city":"Chapel Hill, NC","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"924","firstname":"Svetlana","surname":"Alexievich","born":"1948-05-31","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Ukraine","bornCountryCode":"UA","bornCity":"Ivano-Frankivsk","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2015","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"925","firstname":"National Dialogue Quartet","died":"0000-00-00","gender":"org","prizes":[{"year":"2015","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in the wake of the Jasmine Revolution of 2011\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"926","firstname":"Angus","surname":"Deaton","born":"1945-10-19","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Scotland","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Edinburgh","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2015","category":"economics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Princeton University","city":"Princeton, NJ","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"927","firstname":"Yoshinori","surname":"Ohsumi","born":"1945-02-09","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Japan","bornCountryCode":"JP","bornCity":"Fukuoka","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2016","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","city":"Tokyo","country":"Japan"}]}]},{"id":"928","firstname":"David J.","surname":"Thouless","born":"1934-09-21","died":"2019-04-06","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Bearsden","diedCountry":"United Kingdom","diedCountryCode":"GB","diedCity":"Cambridge","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2016","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Washington","city":"Seattle, WA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"929","firstname":"F. Duncan M.","surname":"Haldane","born":"1951-09-14","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"London","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2016","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Princeton University","city":"Princeton, NJ","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"930","firstname":"J. Michael","surname":"Kosterlitz","born":"1943-06-22","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Aberdeen","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2016","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Brown University","city":"Providence, RI","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"931","firstname":"Jean-Pierre","surname":"Sauvage","born":"1944-10-21","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Paris","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2016","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the design and synthesis of molecular machines\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Strasbourg","city":"Strasbourg","country":"France"}]}]},{"id":"932","firstname":"Sir J. Fraser","surname":"Stoddart","born":"1942-05-24","died":"2024-12-30","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Edinburgh","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2016","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the design and synthesis of molecular machines\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Northwestern University","city":"Evanston, IL","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"933","firstname":"Bernard L.","surname":"Feringa","born":"1951-05-18","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"the Netherlands","bornCountryCode":"NL","bornCity":"Barger-Compascuum","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2016","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the design and synthesis of molecular machines\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Groningen","city":"Groningen","country":"the Netherlands"}]}]},{"id":"934","firstname":"Juan Manuel","surname":"Santos","born":"1951-08-10","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Colombia","bornCountryCode":"CO","bornCity":"Bogot\u00e1","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2016","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his resolute efforts to bring the country's more than 50-year-long civil war to an end\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"935","firstname":"Oliver","surname":"Hart","born":"1948-10-09","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"London","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2016","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their contributions to contract theory\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Harvard University","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"936","firstname":"Bengt","surname":"Holmstr\u00f6m","born":"1949-04-18","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Finland","bornCountryCode":"FI","bornCity":"Helsinki","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2016","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their contributions to contract theory\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"937","firstname":"Bob","surname":"Dylan","born":"1941-05-24","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Duluth, MN","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2016","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"938","firstname":"Jeffrey C.","surname":"Hall","born":"1945-05-03","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2017","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Maine","city":"Maine, ME","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"939","firstname":"Michael","surname":"Rosbash","born":"1944-03-07","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Kansas City, MO","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2017","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Brandeis University","city":"Waltham, MA","country":"USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"940","firstname":"Michael W.","surname":"Young","born":"1949-03-28","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Miami, FL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2017","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Rockefeller University","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"941","firstname":"Rainer","surname":"Weiss","born":"1932-09-29","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Berlin","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2017","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves\"","affiliations":[{"name":"LIGO\/VIRGO Collaboration"},{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"942","firstname":"Barry C.","surname":"Barish","born":"1936-01-27","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Omaha, NE","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2017","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves\"","affiliations":[{"name":"LIGO\/VIRGO Collaboration"},{"name":"California Institute of Technology (Caltech)","city":"Pasadena, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"943","firstname":"Kip S.","surname":"Thorne","born":"1940-06-01","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Logan, UT","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2017","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves\"","affiliations":[{"name":"LIGO\/VIRGO Collaboration"},{"name":"California Institute of Technology (Caltech)","city":"Pasadena, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"944","firstname":"Jacques","surname":"Dubochet","born":"1942-06-08","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Switzerland","bornCountryCode":"CH","bornCity":"Aigle","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2017","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Lausanne","city":"Lausanne","country":"Switzerland"}]}]},{"id":"945","firstname":"Joachim","surname":"Frank","born":"1940-09-12","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Siegen","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2017","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Columbia University","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"946","firstname":"Richard","surname":"Henderson","born":"1945-07-19","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Scotland","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Edinburgh","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2017","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution\"","affiliations":[{"name":"MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology","city":"Cambridge","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"947","firstname":"Kazuo","surname":"Ishiguro","born":"1954-11-08","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Japan","bornCountryCode":"JP","bornCity":"Nagasaki","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2017","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"948","firstname":"International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons","born":"2007-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","gender":"org","prizes":[{"year":"2017","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"949","firstname":"Richard H.","surname":"Thaler","born":"1945-09-12","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"East Orange, NJ","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2017","category":"economics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his contributions to behavioural economics\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Chicago","city":"Chicago, IL","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"958","firstname":"James P.","surname":"Allison","born":"1948-08-07","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Alice, TX","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2018","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy","city":"San Francisco, CA","country":"USA"},{"name":"University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center","city":"Houston, TX","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"959","firstname":"Tasuku","surname":"Honjo","born":"1942-01-27","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Japan","bornCountryCode":"JP","bornCity":"Kyoto","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2018","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Kyoto University","city":"Kyoto","country":"Japan"}]}]},{"id":"960","firstname":"Arthur","surname":"Ashkin","born":"1922-09-02","died":"2020-09-21","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Rumson, NJ","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2018","category":"physics","overallMotivation":"\"for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics\"","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Bell Laboratories","city":"Holmdel, NJ","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"961","firstname":"G\u00e9rard","surname":"Mourou","born":"1944-06-22","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Albertville","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2018","category":"physics","overallMotivation":"\"for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics\"","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses\"","affiliations":[{"name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique","city":"Palaiseau","country":"France"},{"name":"University of Michigan","city":"Ann Arbor, MI","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"962","firstname":"Donna","surname":"Strickland","born":"1959-05-27","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Canada","bornCountryCode":"CA","bornCity":"Guelph","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2018","category":"physics","overallMotivation":"\"for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics\"","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Waterloo","city":"Waterloo","country":"Canada"}]}]},{"id":"963","firstname":"Frances H.","surname":"Arnold","born":"1956-07-25","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Pittsburgh, PA","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2018","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the directed evolution of enzymes\"","affiliations":[{"name":"California Institute of Technology (Caltech)","city":"Pasadena, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"964","firstname":"George P.","surname":"Smith","born":"1941-03-10","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Norwalk, CT","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2018","category":"chemistry","share":"4","motivation":"\"for the phage display of peptides and antibodies\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Missouri","city":"Columbia","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"965","firstname":"Sir Gregory P.","surname":"Winter","born":"1951-04-14","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Leicester","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2018","category":"chemistry","share":"4","motivation":"\"for the phage display of peptides and antibodies\"","affiliations":[{"name":"MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology","city":"Cambridge","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"966","firstname":"Denis","surname":"Mukwege","born":"1955-03-01","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Belgian Congo (now Democratic Republic of the Congo)","bornCountryCode":"CD","bornCity":"Bukavu","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2018","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"967","firstname":"Nadia","surname":"Murad","born":"1993-03-10","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Iraq","bornCountryCode":"IQ","bornCity":"Kojo","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2018","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"968","firstname":"William D.","surname":"Nordhaus","born":"1941-05-31","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Albuquerque, NM","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2018","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Yale University","city":"New Haven, CT","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"969","firstname":"Paul M.","surname":"Romer","born":"1955-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Denver, CO","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2018","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for integrating technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis\"","affiliations":[{"name":"NYU Stern School of Business","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"970","firstname":"William","surname":"Kaelin","born":"1957-11-23","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2019","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School","city":"Boston, MA","country":"USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","city":"Chevy Chase, MD","country":"USA"},{"name":"Dana-Farber Cancer Institute","city":"Boston, MA","country":"USA"},{"name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital","city":"Boston, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"971","firstname":"Peter","surname":"Ratcliffe","born":"1954-05-14","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Lancashire","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2019","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Oxford","city":"Oxford","country":"United Kingdom"},{"name":"Francis Crick Institute","city":"London","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"972","firstname":"Gregg","surname":"Semenza","born":"1956-07-12","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2019","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University","city":"Baltimore, MD","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"973","firstname":"James","surname":"Peebles","born":"1935-04-25","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Canada","bornCountryCode":"CA","bornCity":"Winnipeg","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2019","category":"physics","overallMotivation":"\"for contributions to our understanding of the evolution of the universe and Earth\u2019s place in the cosmos\"","share":"2","motivation":"\"for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Princeton University","city":"Princeton, NJ","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"974","firstname":"Michel","surname":"Mayor","born":"1942-01-12","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Switzerland","bornCountryCode":"CH","bornCity":"Lausanne","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2019","category":"physics","overallMotivation":"\"for contributions to our understanding of the evolution of the universe and Earth\u2019s place in the cosmos\"","share":"4","motivation":"\"for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Geneva","city":"Geneva","country":"Switzerland"}]}]},{"id":"975","firstname":"Didier","surname":"Queloz","born":"1966-02-23","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Switzerland","bornCountryCode":"CH","bornCity":"Geneva","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2019","category":"physics","overallMotivation":"\"for contributions to our understanding of the evolution of the universe and Earth\u2019s place in the cosmos\"","share":"4","motivation":"\"for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Geneva","city":"Geneva","country":"Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Cambridge","city":"Cambridge","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"976","firstname":"John","surname":"Goodenough","born":"1922-07-25","died":"2023-06-25","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Jena","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Austin, TX","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2019","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the development of lithium-ion batteries\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Texas","city":"Austin, TX","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"977","firstname":"M. Stanley","surname":"Whittingham","born":"1941-12-22","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2019","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the development of lithium-ion batteries\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Binghamton University, State University of New York","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"978","firstname":"Akira","surname":"Yoshino","born":"1948-01-30","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Japan","bornCountryCode":"JP","bornCity":"Suita","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2019","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the development of lithium-ion batteries\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Asahi Kasei Corporation","city":"Tokyo","country":"Japan"},{"name":"Meijo University","city":"Nagoya","country":"Japan"}]}]},{"id":"979","firstname":"Olga","surname":"Tokarczuk","born":"1962-01-29","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Poland","bornCountryCode":"PL","bornCity":"Sulech\u00f3w","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2018","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"980","firstname":"Peter","surname":"Handke","born":"1942-12-06","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Austria","bornCountryCode":"AT","bornCity":"Griffen","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2019","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"981","firstname":"Abiy","surname":"Ahmed Ali","born":"1976-08-15","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Ethiopia","bornCountryCode":"ET","bornCity":"Beshasha","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2019","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his efforts to achieve peace and international cooperation, and in particular for his decisive initiative to resolve the border conflict with neighbouring Eritrea\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"982","firstname":"Abhijit","surname":"Banerjee","born":"1961-02-21","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"India","bornCountryCode":"IN","bornCity":"Mumbai","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2019","category":"economics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"983","firstname":"Esther","surname":"Duflo","born":"1972-10-25","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Paris","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2019","category":"economics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"984","firstname":"Michael","surname":"Kremer","born":"1964-11-12","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2019","category":"economics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Harvard University","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"985","firstname":"Harvey","surname":"Alter","born":"1935-09-12","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2020","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus\"","affiliations":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","city":"Bethesda, MD","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"986","firstname":"Michael","surname":"Houghton","born":"1949-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2020","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Alberta","city":"Edmonton","country":"Canada"}]}]},{"id":"987","firstname":"Charles","surname":"Rice","born":"1952-08-25","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Sacramento, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2020","category":"medicine","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Rockefeller University","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"988","firstname":"Roger","surname":"Penrose","born":"1931-08-08","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Colchester","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2020","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Oxford","city":"Oxford","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"989","firstname":"Reinhard","surname":"Genzel","born":"1952-03-24","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Bad Homburg vor der H\u00f6he","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2020","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics","city":"Garching","country":"Germany"},{"name":"University of California","city":"Berkeley, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"990","firstname":"Andrea","surname":"Ghez","born":"1965-06-16","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2020","category":"physics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Los Angeles, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"991","firstname":"Emmanuelle","surname":"Charpentier","born":"1968-12-11","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Juvisy-sur-Orge","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2020","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the development of a method for genome editing\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens","city":"Berlin","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"992","firstname":"Jennifer A.","surname":"Doudna","born":"1964-02-19","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Washington, D.C.","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2020","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the development of a method for genome editing\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Berkeley, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"993","firstname":"Louise","surname":"Gl\u00fcck","born":"1943-04-22","died":"2023-10-13","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","diedCountry":"USA","diedCountryCode":"US","diedCity":"Cambridge, MA","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2020","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"994","firstname":"World Food Programme","born":"1961-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","gender":"org","prizes":[{"year":"2020","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for its efforts to combat hunger, for its contribution to bettering conditions for peace in conflict-affected areas and for acting as a driving force in efforts to prevent the use of hunger as a weapon of war and conflict\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"995","firstname":"Paul","surname":"Milgrom","born":"1948-04-20","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Detroit, MI","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2020","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Stanford University","city":"Stanford, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"996","firstname":"Robert","surname":"Wilson","born":"1937-05-16","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Geneva, NE","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2020","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Stanford University","city":"Stanford, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"997","firstname":"David","surname":"Julius","born":"1955-11-04","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2021","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"San Francisco, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"998","firstname":"Ardem","surname":"Patapoutian","born":"1967-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Lebanon","bornCountryCode":"LB","bornCity":"Beirut","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2021","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Scripps Research","city":"La Jolla, CA","country":"USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"999","firstname":"Syukuro","surname":"Manabe","born":"1931-09-21","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Japan","bornCountryCode":"JP","bornCity":"Shingu, Ehime","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2021","category":"physics","overallMotivation":"\"for groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of complex physical systems\"","share":"4","motivation":"\"for the physical modelling of Earth\u2019s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Princeton University","city":"Princeton, NJ","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"1000","firstname":"Klaus","surname":"Hasselmann","born":"1931-10-25","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Hamburg","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2021","category":"physics","overallMotivation":"\"for groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of complex physical systems\"","share":"4","motivation":"\"for the physical modelling of Earth\u2019s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Meteorology","city":"Hamburg","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"1001","firstname":"Giorgio","surname":"Parisi","born":"1948-08-04","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Italy","bornCountryCode":"IT","bornCity":"Rome","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2021","category":"physics","overallMotivation":"\"for groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of complex physical systems\"","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Sapienza University of Rome","city":"Rome","country":"Italy"}]}]},{"id":"1002","firstname":"Benjamin","surname":"List","born":"1968-01-11","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Germany","bornCountryCode":"DE","bornCity":"Frankfurt-on-the-Main","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2021","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Kohlenforschung","city":"M\u00fclheim an der Ruhr","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"1003","firstname":"David","surname":"MacMillan","born":"1968-03-16","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Bellshill","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2021","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Princeton University","city":"Princeton, NJ","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"1004","firstname":"Abdulrazak","surname":"Gurnah","born":"1948-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2021","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"1005","firstname":"Maria","surname":"Ressa","born":"1963-10-02","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Philippines","bornCountryCode":"PH","bornCity":"Manila","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2021","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their efforts to safeguard freedom of expression, which is a precondition for democracy and lasting peace\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"1006","firstname":"Dmitry","surname":"Muratov","born":"1961-10-29","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USSR (now Russia)","bornCountryCode":"RU","bornCity":"Kubyshev (now Samara)","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2021","category":"peace","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their efforts to safeguard freedom of expression, which is a precondition for democracy and lasting peace\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"1007","firstname":"David","surname":"Card","born":"1956-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Canada","bornCountryCode":"CA","bornCity":"Guelph","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2021","category":"economics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for his empirical contributions to labour economics\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of California","city":"Berkeley, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"1008","firstname":"Joshua","surname":"Angrist","born":"1960-09-18","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Columbus, OH","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2021","category":"economics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"1009","firstname":"Guido","surname":"Imbens","born":"1963-09-03","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"the Netherlands","bornCountryCode":"NL","bornCity":"Geldrop","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2021","category":"economics","share":"4","motivation":"\"for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Stanford University","city":"Stanford, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"1011","firstname":"Svante","surname":"P\u00e4\u00e4bo","born":"1955-04-20","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Sweden","bornCountryCode":"SE","bornCity":"Stockholm","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2022","category":"medicine","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology","city":"Leipzig","country":"Germany"},{"name":"Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology","city":"Okinawa","country":"Japan"}]}]},{"id":"1012","firstname":"Alain","surname":"Aspect","born":"1947-06-15","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Agen","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2022","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and  pioneering quantum information science\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019Optique Graduate School \u2013 Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay","city":"Paris","country":"France"},{"name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique","city":"Palaiseau","country":"France"}]}]},{"id":"1013","firstname":"John ","surname":"Clauser","born":"1942-12-01","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Pasadena, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2022","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and  pioneering quantum information science\"","affiliations":[{"name":"J.F. Clauser & Assoc.","city":"Walnut Creek, CA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"1014","firstname":"Anton","surname":"Zeilinger","born":"1945-05-20","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Austria","bornCountryCode":"AT","bornCity":"Ried im Innkreis","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2022","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and  pioneering quantum information science\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Vienna","city":"Vienna","country":"Austria"},{"name":"Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences","city":"Vienna","country":"Austria"}]}]},{"id":"1015","firstname":"Carolyn","surname":"Bertozzi","born":"1966-10-10","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Boston, MA","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2022","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Stanford University","city":"Stanford, CA","country":"USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"1016","firstname":"Morten","surname":"Meldal","born":"1954-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Denmark","bornCountryCode":"DK","bornCity":"Copenhagen","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2022","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen","city":"Copenhagen","country":"Denmark"}]}]},{"id":"1017","firstname":"Annie","surname":"Ernaux","born":"1940-09-01","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Lillebonne","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2022","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements and  collective restraints of personal memory\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"1018","firstname":"Ales","surname":"Bialiatski ","born":"1962-09-25","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Russia","bornCountryCode":"RU","bornCity":"Vyartsilya, Karelia","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2022","category":"peace","share":"3","motivation":"\"The Peace Prize laureates represent civil society in their home countries. They have for many years promoted the right to criticise power and protect the fundamental rights of citizens. They have made an outstanding effort to document war crimes, human right abuses and the abuse of power. Together they demonstrate the significance of civil society for peace and democracy.\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"1019","firstname":"Memorial","born":"1987-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","gender":"org","prizes":[{"year":"2022","category":"peace","share":"3","motivation":"\"The Peace Prize laureates represent civil society in their home countries. They have for many years promoted the right to criticise power and protect the fundamental rights of citizens. They have made an outstanding effort to document war crimes, human right abuses and the abuse of power. Together they demonstrate the significance of civil society for peace and democracy.\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"1020","firstname":"Center for Civil Liberties","born":"2007-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","gender":"org","prizes":[{"year":"2022","category":"peace","share":"3","motivation":"\"The Peace Prize laureates represent civil society in their home countries. They have for many years promoted the right to criticise power and protect the fundamental rights of citizens. They have made an outstanding effort to document war crimes, human right abuses and the abuse of power. Together they demonstrate the significance of civil society for peace and democracy.\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"1021","firstname":"Ben","surname":"Bernanke","born":"1953-12-13","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Augusta, GA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2022","category":"economics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for research on banks and financial crises\"","affiliations":[{"name":"The Brookings Institution","city":"Washington, D.C.","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"1022","firstname":"Douglas","surname":"Diamond","born":"1953-10-25","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Chicago, IL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2022","category":"economics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for research on banks and financial crises\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Chicago","city":"Chicago, IL","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"1023","firstname":"Philip","surname":"Dybvig","born":"1955-05-22","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Gainesville, FL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2022","category":"economics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for research on banks and financial crises\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Washington University","city":"St. Louis, MO","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"1024","firstname":"Katalin","surname":"Karik\u00f3","born":"1955-01-17","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Hungary","bornCountryCode":"HU","bornCity":"Szolnok","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2023","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Szeged University","city":"Szeged","country":"Hungary"},{"name":"University of Pennsylvania","city":"Philadelphia, PA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"1025","firstname":"Drew","surname":"Weissman","born":"1959-09-07","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Lexington, MA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2023","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Penn Institute for RNA Innovations, University of Pennsylvania","city":"Philadelphia, PA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"1026","firstname":"Pierre","surname":"Agostini","born":"1941-07-23","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"French protectorate of Tunisia (now Tunisia)","bornCountryCode":"TN","bornCity":"Tunis","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2023","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter\"","affiliations":[{"name":"The Ohio State University","city":"Columbus, OH","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"1027","firstname":"Ferenc","surname":"Krausz","born":"1962-05-17","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Hungary","bornCountryCode":"HU","bornCity":"M\u00f3r","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2023","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics","city":"Garching","country":"Germany"},{"name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","city":"Munich","country":"Germany"}]}]},{"id":"1028","firstname":"Anne","surname":"L\u2019Huillier","born":"1958-08-16","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Paris","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2023","category":"physics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Lund University","city":"Lund","country":"Sweden"}]}]},{"id":"1029","firstname":"Moungi","surname":"Bawendi","born":"1961-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"France","bornCountryCode":"FR","bornCity":"Paris","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2023","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"1030","firstname":"Louis","surname":"Brus","born":"1943-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Cleveland, OH","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2023","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Columbia University","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"1031","firstname":"Aleksey","surname":"Yekimov","born":"1945-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USSR (now Russia)","bornCountryCode":"RU","bornCity":"Leningrad (now St. Petersburg)","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2023","category":"chemistry","share":"3","motivation":"\"for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Nanocrystals Technology Inc.","city":"New York, NY","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"1032","firstname":"Jon","surname":"Fosse","born":"1959-09-29","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Norway","bornCountryCode":"NO","bornCity":"Haugesund","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2023","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for his innovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"1033","firstname":"Narges","surname":"Mohammadi","born":"1972-04-21","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Iran","bornCountryCode":"IR","bornCity":"Zanjan","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2023","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for her fight against the oppression of women in Iran and her fight to promote human rights and freedom for all\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"1034","firstname":"Claudia","surname":"Goldin","born":"1946-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"New York, NY","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2023","category":"economics","share":"1","motivation":"\"for having advanced our understanding of women\u2019s labour market outcomes\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Harvard University","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"1035","firstname":"Victor","surname":"Ambros","born":"1953-12-01","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Hanover, NH","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2024","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation\"","affiliations":[{"name":"UMass Chan Medical School","city":"Worcester, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"1036","firstname":"Gary","surname":"Ruvkun","born":"1952-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Berkeley, CA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2024","category":"medicine","share":"2","motivation":"\"for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","city":"Boston, MA","country":"USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School","city":"Boston, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"1037","firstname":"John","surname":"Hopfield","born":"1933-07-15","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Chicago, IL","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2024","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Princeton University","city":"Princeton, NJ","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"1038","firstname":"Geoffrey","surname":"Hinton","born":"1947-12-06","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"London","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2024","category":"physics","share":"2","motivation":"\"for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Toronto","city":"Toronto","country":"Canada"}]}]},{"id":"1039","firstname":"David","surname":"Baker","born":"1962-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Seattle, WA","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2024","category":"chemistry","share":"2","motivation":"\"for computational protein design\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Washington","city":"Seattle, WA","country":"USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"1040","firstname":"Demis","surname":"Hassabis","born":"1976-07-27","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"London","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2024","category":"chemistry","share":"4","motivation":"\"for protein structure prediction\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Google DeepMind","city":"London","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"1041","firstname":"John","surname":"Jumper","born":"1985-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"USA","bornCountryCode":"US","bornCity":"Little Rock, AR","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2024","category":"chemistry","share":"4","motivation":"\"for protein structure prediction\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Google DeepMind","city":"London","country":"United Kingdom"}]}]},{"id":"1042","firstname":"Kang","surname":"Han","born":"1970-11-27","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"South Korea","bornCountryCode":"KR","bornCity":"Gwangju","gender":"female","prizes":[{"year":"2024","category":"literature","share":"1","motivation":"\"for her intense poetic prose that confronts historical traumas and exposes the fragility of human life\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"1043","firstname":"Nihon Hidankyo","born":"1956-08-10","died":"0000-00-00","gender":"org","prizes":[{"year":"2024","category":"peace","share":"1","motivation":"\"for its efforts to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons and for demonstrating through witness testimony that nuclear weapons must never be used again\"","affiliations":[[]]}]},{"id":"1044","firstname":"Daron","surname":"Acemoglu","born":"1967-09-03","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"Turkey","bornCountryCode":"TR","bornCity":"Istanbul","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2024","category":"economics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"1045","firstname":"Simon","surname":"Johnson","born":"1963-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","bornCountry":"United Kingdom","bornCountryCode":"GB","bornCity":"Sheffield","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2024","category":"economics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity\"","affiliations":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)","city":"Cambridge, MA","country":"USA"}]}]},{"id":"1046","firstname":"James","surname":"Robinson","born":"1960-00-00","died":"0000-00-00","gender":"male","prizes":[{"year":"2024","category":"economics","share":"3","motivation":"\"for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity\"","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Chicago","city":"Chicago, IL","country":"USA"}]}]}]}
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